{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T20:47:34Z","timestamp":1789850854696,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,4]],"date-time":"2025-06-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748995200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Nutr."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>It is understood that diet has a significant impact on health. However, the associations between individual macronutrients and mental health are poorly understood. We aimed to investigate the relationship between dietary components and symptoms of depression and anxiety.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A cross-sectional study of 129 healthy adults was conducted using an online food frequency questionnaire and measures of depression, anxiety, and early life experiences.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Of the sample, 31% experienced moderate or severe anxiety and\/or depression. Sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) intake was positively associated with depression (<jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic> = 4.827; 95% CI: 0.954, 8.7; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.015). Dietary fibre was negatively associated with anxiety (<jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic> = -2.306; 95% CI: -3.791, -0.82; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.003). Moderate caffeine consumption (100-300mg) was associated with reduced depression (<jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic> = -4.099; 95% CI: -7.049, -1.15; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.007). Women experienced higher rates of depression and anxiety. We found evidence suggesting an association between high-fructose corn syrup and depressive symptoms and a potential protective effect of fibre on anxiety. A U-shaped curve for caffeine may be present, with moderate consumption associated with improved mental health.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>A significant positive association was found between SSB consumption and depression, while a negative association was found between fibre consumption and anxiety. Additional prospective studies with repeated dietary data capture are needed to affirm these findings.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2025.1546564","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,4]],"date-time":"2025-06-04T04:14:27Z","timestamp":1749010467000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["The association of dietary components with depression and anxiety symptoms: findings from a cross-sectional survey"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Kerri M.","family":"Gillespie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eva","family":"Kemps","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melanie J.","family":"White","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Selena E.","family":"Bartlett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e36","DOI":"10.1017\/S2045796021000275","article-title":"Global, regional and national burden of anxiety disorders from 1990 to 2019: results from the global burden of disease study 2019","volume":"30","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Epidemiol Psychiatr Sci"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2020.12.035","article-title":"Global trends in the prevalence and incidence of depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"281","author":"Moreno-Agostino","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1700","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)02143-7","article-title":"Global prevalence and burden of depressive and anxiety disorders in 204 countries and territories in 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"398","author":"Santomauro","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1308","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291717002781","article-title":"Trends in depression prevalence in the USA from 2005 to 2015: widening disparities in vulnerable groups","volume":"48","author":"Weinberger","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.2174\/1745017902016010156","article-title":"Mediterranean diet and its benefits on health and mental health: a literature review. Clin Pract Epidemiol Ment","volume":"16","author":"Ventriglio","year":"2020","journal-title":"Health"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1080\/1028415X.2017.1411320","article-title":"A Mediterranean-style dietary intervention supplemented with fish oil improves diet quality and mental health in people with depression: a randomized controlled trial (HELFIMED)","volume":"22","author":"Parletta","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nutr Neurosci"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2749","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15122749","article-title":"Global impacts of western diet and its effects on metabolism and health: a narrative review","volume":"15","author":"Clemente-Su\u00e1rez","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15040889","article-title":"The impact of free sugar on human health-a narrative review","volume":"15","author":"Gillespie","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2133","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-024-03165-6","article-title":"Western diets and chronic diseases","volume":"30","author":"Adolph","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1080\/1028415x.2017.1378851","article-title":"Early-life sugar consumption has long-term negative effects on memory function in male rats","volume":"22","author":"Noble","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nutr Neurosci"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16010075","article-title":"The impact of free and added sugars on cognitive function: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"16","author":"Gillespie","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2021.670430","article-title":"Long-term overconsumption of sugar starting at adolescence produces persistent hyperactivity and neurocognitive deficits in adulthood","volume":"15","author":"Beecher","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.1017\/s1368980009993132","article-title":"Soft drink consumption and mental health problems among adults in Australia","volume":"13","author":"Shi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2014.10.026","article-title":"Soft drink consumption is associated with depressive symptoms among adults in China","volume":"172","author":"Yu","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.4162\/nrp.2022.16.2.194","article-title":"Association between sugar-sweetened beverage consumption and depression and suicidal ideation among Korean adults: a cross-sectional study from the 2014 and 2016 Korean National Health and nutrition examination survey (KNHANES)","volume":"16","author":"Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutr Res Pract"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4418","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13124418","article-title":"Diet and anxiety: a scoping review","volume":"13","author":"Aucoin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref17","volume-title":"Guideline: Sugars intake for adults and children","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref18","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2021.1897212","article-title":"The role of short-chain fatty acids in the interplay between gut microbiota and diet in cardio-metabolic health","volume":"13","author":"Nogal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2023.1069954","article-title":"High-fiber diet ameliorates gut microbiota, serum metabolism and emotional mood in type 2 diabetes patients","volume":"13","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2641","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14132641","article-title":"Therapeutic benefits and dietary restrictions of fiber intake: a state of the art review","volume":"14","author":"Ioni\u021b\u0103-M\u00eendrican","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1861","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jand.2015.09.003","article-title":"Position of the academy of nutrition and dietetics: health implications of dietary fiber","volume":"115","author":"Dahl","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Acad Nutr Diet"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10050599","article-title":"Dietary fibre intake in Australia. Paper I: associations with demographic, socio-economic, and anthropometric factors","volume":"10","author":"Fayet-Moore","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-019-01943-4","article-title":"Association of food groups with depression and anxiety disorders","volume":"59","author":"Gibson-Smith","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur J Nutr"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.587468","article-title":"Consumption of dietary fiber in relation to psychological disorders in adults. Front","volume":"12","author":"Saghafian","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1678","DOI":"10.1093\/nutrit\/nuad143","article-title":"Fiber intake and fiber intervention in depression and anxiety: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies and randomized controlled trials","volume":"82","author":"Aslam","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nutr Rev"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2813","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12092813","article-title":"Sources of dietary fiber are differently associated with prevalence of depression","volume":"12","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7399","DOI":"10.3390\/su13137399","article-title":"Drivers of protein consumption: a cross-country analysis","volume":"13","author":"Andreoli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sustain For"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1290","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114520000562","article-title":"Association between dietary protein intake and the risk of depressive symptoms in adults","volume":"123","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1080\/1028415X.2024.2372194","article-title":"The association between plant and animal protein intake with depression, anxiety, and stress","volume":"28","author":"Forootani","year":"","journal-title":"Nutr Neurosci"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2010.11.011","article-title":"Dietary protein and protein-rich food in relation to severely depressed mood: a 10year follow-up of a national cohort","volume":"35","author":"Wolfe","year":"2011","journal-title":"Prog Neuro-Psychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.3233\/NHA-190079","article-title":"The association between protein consumption from animal and plant sources with psychological distress in older people in the Mediterranean region","volume":"5","author":"D\u2019Cunha","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutr Healthy Aging"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-023-15100-4","article-title":"Plant and animal protein intake and its association with depression, anxiety, and stress among Iranian women","volume":"23","author":"Sheikhi","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2010.12.014","article-title":"Comorbidity and risk indicators for alcohol use disorders among persons with anxiety and\/or depressive disorders: findings from the Netherlands study of depression and anxiety (NESDA)","volume":"131","author":"Boschloo","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"ref35","volume-title":"Alcohol, tobacco & other drugs in Australia Canberra","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1186\/1741-7015-11-192","article-title":"Alcohol intake, wine consumption and the development of depression: the PREDIMED study","volume":"11","author":"Gea","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1177\/0004867415603131","article-title":"Coffee and caffeine consumption and depression: a meta-analysis of observational studies","volume":"50","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Aust N Z J Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.4082\/kjfm.2016.37.2.111","article-title":"The relationship of caffeine intake with depression, anxiety, stress, and sleep in Korean adolescents","volume":"37","author":"Jin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Korean J Fam Med"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e48018","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.48018","article-title":"Caffeine consumption and depression, anxiety, and stress levels among university students in medina: a cross-sectional study","volume":"15","author":"Makki","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1242","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14061242","article-title":"Caffeine intake and its sex-specific association with general anxiety: a cross-sectional analysis among general population adults","volume":"14","author":"Paz-Graniel","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1571","DOI":"10.1001\/archinternmed.2011.393","article-title":"Coffee, caffeine, and risk of depression among women","volume":"171","author":"Lucas","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"ref42","volume-title":"Australian health survey: Nutrition first results - foods and nutrients","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e16268","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0016268","article-title":"Dietary fat intake and the risk of depression: the SUN project","volume":"6","author":"S\u00e1nchez-Villegas","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1177\/1073191111411667","article-title":"Item banks for measuring emotional distress from the patient-reported outcomes measurement information system (PROMIS\u00ae): depression, anxiety, and anger","volume":"18","author":"Pilkonis","year":"2011","journal-title":"Assessment"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1177\/0163278719856406","article-title":"Patient-reported outcomes measurement information system (PROMIS) instruments: reliability and validity in veterans following orthopedic surgery","volume":"43","author":"Hadlandsmyth","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eval Health Prof"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.114.083238","article-title":"Performance of the automated self-administered 24-hour recall relative to a measure of true intakes and to an interviewer-administered 24-h recall","volume":"100","author":"Kirkpatrick","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1002\/cpp.359","article-title":"Recall of threat and submissiveness in childhood: development of a new scale and its relationship with depression, social comparison and shame","volume":"10","author":"Gilbert","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Psychother"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.6018\/analesps.35.2.304501","article-title":"Evaluation of early life experiences: the ELES scale and its clinical use","volume":"35","author":"Leon-Palacios","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann Psychol"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1621","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-8223(02)90346-9","article-title":"Dietary reference intakes for energy, carbohydrate, fiber, fat, fatty acids, cholesterol, protein and amino acids","volume":"102","author":"Trumbo","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Am Diet Assoc"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2017.00080","article-title":"The safety of ingested caffeine: a comprehensive review","volume":"8","author":"Temple","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Psych"},{"key":"ref51","volume-title":"Australian guidelines to reduce health risks from drinking alcohol","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref52","volume-title":"Prevalence and impact of mental illness","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref53","volume-title":"Anxiety disorders","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref54","article-title":"Depressive disorder (depression)","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2024.1472612","article-title":"Association of sugar consumption with risk of depression and anxiety: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"11","author":"Xiong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Nutr"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2018.11.015","article-title":"Sugar-sweetened beverages consumption and the risk of depression: a meta-analysis of observational studies","volume":"245","author":"Hu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12901","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-40194-6","article-title":"Longitudinal analysis for the risk of depression according to the consumption of sugar-sweetened carbonated beverage in non-diabetic and diabetic population","volume":"13","author":"Park","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2024.111130","article-title":"The effect of exercise on depression and gut microbiota: possible mechanisms","volume":"220","author":"Yao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Brain Res Bull"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.22122\/ijbmc.v11i4.763","article-title":"The impact of physical activity and nutrition on cognitive health and quality of life among the elderly","volume":"11","author":"Irandoust","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Body Mind Cult"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scispo.2023.01.002","article-title":"Mental health, eating habits and physical activity levels of elite Iranian athletes during the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"38","author":"Taheri","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci Sports"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1080\/17437199.2021.1923406","article-title":"Stress and eating behaviours in healthy adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"16","author":"Hill","year":"2022","journal-title":"Health Psychol Rev"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114518003203","article-title":"Bidirectional associations between food groups and depressive symptoms: longitudinal findings from the Invecchiare in chianti (InCHIANTI) study","volume":"121","author":"Elstgeest","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1097\/01.psy.0000204628.73273.23","article-title":"Depressive mood symptoms and fatigue after exercise withdrawal: the potential role of decreased fitness","volume":"68","author":"Berlin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Psychosom Med"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100599","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mhpa.2024.100599","article-title":"The interplay of depression symptoms and physical activity: bidirectional insights from 25-years of the Americans' changing lives panel","volume":"26","author":"Dubash","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ment Health Phys Act"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2021.11.005","article-title":"Effects of caffeine on anxiety and panic attacks in patients with panic disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"74","author":"Klevebrant","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gen Hosp Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1002\/cpt197824140","article-title":"Effect of smoking on caffeine clearance","volume":"24","author":"Parsons","year":"1978","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"ref67","volume-title":"Burden of disease mental health summary","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103014","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2024.103014","article-title":"Dynamic changes and future trend predictions of the global burden of anxiety disorders: analysis of 204 countries and regions from 1990 to 2021 and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"79","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"eClinicalMedicine"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105758","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archger.2025.105758","article-title":"The global, regional, and national late-life depression burden and trends from 1990 to 2021: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2021","volume":"131","author":"Sun","year":"2025","journal-title":"Arch Gerontol Geriatr"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12022","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph182212022","article-title":"Anxiety, depression and quality of life\u2014a systematic review of evidence from longitudinal observational studies","volume":"18","author":"Hohls","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2018.11.010","article-title":"Combined effects of depression and anxiety on suicide: a case-control psychological autopsy study in rural China","volume":"271","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"m2382","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m2382","article-title":"Food and mood: how do diet and nutrition affect mental wellbeing?","volume":"369","author":"Firth","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12020383","article-title":"The evaluation and use of a food frequency questionnaire among the population in Trivandrum, South Kerala, India","volume":"12","author":"Vijay","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2696","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11112696","article-title":"A systematic review of ecological momentary assessment of diet: implications and perspectives for nutritional epidemiology","volume":"11","author":"Maugeri","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nutrients"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Nutrition"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnut.2025.1546564\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,4]],"date-time":"2025-06-04T04:14:30Z","timestamp":1749010470000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnut.2025.1546564\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,4]]},"references-count":74,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fnut.2025.1546564"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnut.2025.1546564","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-861X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-861X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,4]]},"article-number":"1546564"}}