{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T00:14:21Z","timestamp":1793146461408,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,13]],"date-time":"2025-05-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747094400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Nutr."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Celiac disease (CeD) is an autoimmune disorder characterized by damage to the small intestine that occurs in genetically predisposed individuals after gluten consumption. Dietary exclusion is the only treatment. Gliadin is one of the main protein component of wheat gluten, and is poorly digested. Undigested peptide, p31-43, triggers several different processes, including inflammation. Intestinal organoids from CeD biopsies are good models for studying CeD inflammation. Postbiotics have been shown to modulate the effects of p31-43 in Caco-2 cells and inflammation in CeD organoids. The aims of this study was to study the anti-inflammatory activity of milk-based postbiotics from of <jats:italic>L. plantarum<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Postbiotics from <jats:italic>L. plantarum<\/jats:italic> CECT 749-fermented milk enriched with LA (linoleic acid), SCGs (Spent Coffee Grounds) and SCG oil were produced. Gliadin peptide p31-43 was used to induce inflammation on Caco2 cells. Organoids were derived from intestinal biopsies of 3 controls (CTRs) and 3 GCD (gluten containing diet)-CeD patients. NF-kB activation, a marker of inflammation, was evaluated by Western Blot analysis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The results showed that pretreatment with all milk-based postbiotics of <jats:italic>L. plantarum<\/jats:italic>, except for SCG oil, inhibited the activation of NF-kB in the presence of the gliadin peptide in Caco-2 cells. The most efficient postbiotics, namely, milk-based postbiotics of <jats:italic>L. plantarum<\/jats:italic> with or without SCGs, could also reduce inflammation in intestinal organoids from CeD patients.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Milk-based postbiotics of <jats:italic>L. plantarum<\/jats:italic>, with or without SCGs, prevents the proinflammatory effects of gliadin on Caco-2 cells and constitutive inflammation in CeD intestinal organoids, independent of the CLA (Conjugated linoleic acid) concentration.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2025.1549120","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,13]],"date-time":"2025-05-13T13:55:24Z","timestamp":1747144524000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Sustainable milk-based postbiotics beverages fermented by Lactobacillus plantarum: allies in celiac disease inflammation"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Claudia","family":"Bellomo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Mauriello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Federica","family":"Nigro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Passannanti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rosa","family":"Colucci Cante","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberto","family":"Nigro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Vittoria","family":"Barone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Merlin","family":"Nanayakkara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7177","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23137177","article-title":"Pivotal role of inflammation in celiac disease","volume":"23","author":"Barone","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5577","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23105577","article-title":"Pro-inflammatory nutrient: focus on gliadin and celiac disease","volume":"23","author":"Barone","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2027","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22042027","article-title":"A cumulative effect of food and viruses to trigger celiac disease (CD): a commentary on the recent literature","volume":"22","author":"Barone","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2014.12.036","article-title":"Food, immunity, and the microbiome","volume":"148","author":"Tilg","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aah5298","article-title":"Reovirus infection triggers inflammatory responses to dietary antigens and development of celiac disease","volume":"356","author":"Bouziat","year":"2017","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.ircmb.2020.10.003","article-title":"The gliadin p31-43 peptide: inducer of multiple proinflammatory effects","volume":"358","author":"Chirdo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int Rev Cell Mol Biol"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20518","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms151120518","article-title":"Gliadin peptides as triggers of the proliferative and stress\/innate immune response of the celiac small intestinal mucosa","volume":"15","author":"Barone","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10821","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-28830-y","article-title":"P31-43, an undigested gliadin peptide, mimics and enhances the innate immune response to viruses and interferes with endocytic trafficking: a role in celiac disease","volume":"8","author":"Nanayakkara","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1007\/s00109-003-0440-0","article-title":"Nuclear factor kappa B is activated in small intestinal mucosa of celiac patients","volume":"81","author":"Maiuri","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Mol Med"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17023","DOI":"10.1038\/sigtrans.2017.23","article-title":"NF-\u03baB signaling in inflammation","volume":"2","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Target Ther"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1038\/cr.2011.13","article-title":"NF-\u03baB in immunobiology","volume":"21","author":"Hayden","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell Res"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1298","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddt520","article-title":"Coregulation and modulation of NF\u03baB-related genes in celiac disease: uncovered aspects of gut mucosal inflammation","volume":"23","author":"Fernandez-Jimenez","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hum Mol Genet"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1973","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23041973","article-title":"Inflammation is present, persistent and more sensitive to Proinflammatory triggers in celiac disease enterocytes","volume":"23","author":"Porpora","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1270","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.01270","article-title":"Cytokine tuning of intestinal epithelial function","volume":"9","author":"Andrews","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3655","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23073655","article-title":"Gliadin peptide P31-43 induces mTOR\/NFk\u03b2 activation and reduces autophagy: the role of Lactobacillus paracasei CBA L74 Postbiotc","volume":"23","author":"Conte","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1085578","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2023.1085578","article-title":"The protective role of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG postbiotic on the alteration of autophagy and inflammation pathways induced by gliadin in intestinal models","volume":"10","author":"Furone","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Med"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7029","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-43426-w","article-title":"Human gut derived-organoids provide model to study gluten response and effects of microbiota-derived molecules in celiac disease","volume":"9","author":"Freire","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1186\/s13578-017-0183-1","article-title":"Gut microbiota as a potential target of metabolic syndrome: the role of probiotics and prebiotics","volume":"7","author":"He","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Biosci"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2019.02.016","article-title":"The effect of probiotic and synbiotic supplementation on biomarkers of inflammation and oxidative stress in diabetic patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"142","author":"Zheng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pharmacol Res"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1186\/s12986-023-00758-9","article-title":"The effect of conjugated linoleic acids on inflammation, oxidative stress, body composition and physical performance: a comprehensive review of putative molecular mechanisms","volume":"20","author":"Putera","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nutr Metab"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idairyj.2018.11.007","article-title":"Formation of conjugated linoleic acid by a Lactobacillus plantarum strain isolated from an artisanal cheese: evaluation in miniature cheeses","volume":"90","author":"Ares-Yebra","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int Dairy J"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6651","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2014-8515","article-title":"Screening of Lactobacillus strains for their ability to produce conjugated linoleic acid in milk and to adhere to the intestinal tract","volume":"98","author":"Sosa-Casta\u00f1eda","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Dairy Sci"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meatsci.2020.108218","article-title":"Utilization of optimized processing conditions for high yield synthesis of conjugated linoleic acid by L. plantarum AB20-961 and L. plantarum DSM2601 in semi-dry fermented sausage","volume":"169","author":"\u00d6zer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Meat Sci"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meatsci.2015.12.005","article-title":"In-vitro microbial production of conjugated linoleic acid by probiotic L. plantarum strains: utilization as a functional starter culture in sucuk fermentation","volume":"114","author":"\u00d6zer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Meat Sci"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1729","DOI":"10.3303\/CET1756289","article-title":"Extraction and evaluation the biological activities of oil from spent coffee grounds","volume":"56","author":"Le","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chem Eng Trans"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2016.07.173","article-title":"Use of spent coffee grounds as food ingredient in bakery products","volume":"216","author":"Martinez-Saez","year":"2017","journal-title":"Food Chem"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiec.2018.11.054","article-title":"Spent coffee grounds: a review on current utilization","volume":"71","author":"McNutt","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Ind Eng Chem"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1111\/jfpp.14126","article-title":"Antifungal activity and shelf life extension of loaf bread produced with sourdough fermented by Lactobacillus strains","volume":"43","author":"Luz","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Food Process Preserv"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enzmictec.2004.03.013","article-title":"Conjugated linoleic acid production from castor oil by Lactobacillus plantarum JCM 1551","volume":"35","author":"Ando","year":"2004","journal-title":"Enzym Microb Technol"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.3390\/fermentation9040350","article-title":"Valorisation through lactic fermentation of industrial wastewaters from a bean blanching treatment","volume":"9","author":"Colucci Cante","year":"2023","journal-title":"Fermentation"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0307.12375","article-title":"Optimisation of fermentation variables for conjugated linoleic acid bioconversion by Lactobacillus fermentum DDHI 27 in modified skim milk","volume":"71","author":"Dahiya","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Dairy Technol"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cherd.2020.11.002","article-title":"Effect of moisture content on the extraction rate of coffee oil from spent coffee grounds using Norflurane as solvent","volume":"165","author":"Colucci Cante","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chem Eng Res Des"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"852","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfca.2010.03.016","article-title":"A novel procedure for routine milk fat extraction based on dichloromethane","volume":"23","author":"Stefanov","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Food Compos Anal"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2005.086637","article-title":"Growth factor-like activity of gliadin, an alimentary protein: implications for coeliac disease","volume":"56","author":"Barone","year":"2007","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.3109\/09637486.2014.940283","article-title":"Lactobacillus paracasei CBA L74 interferes with gliadin peptides entrance in Caco-2 cells","volume":"65","author":"Sarno","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Food Sci Nutr"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12010115","article-title":"PTPRK, an EGFR phosphatase, is decreased in CeD biopsies and intestinal organoids","volume":"12","author":"Nanayakkara","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3535","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-60521-5","article-title":"Intestinal ex vivo organoid culture reveals altered programmed crypt stem cells in patients with celiac disease","volume":"10","author":"Dieterich","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2567.2005.02185.x","article-title":"Induction of interleukin-8 production via nuclear factor-kappaB activation in human intestinal epithelial cells infected with Vibrio vulnificus","volume":"115","author":"Lee","year":"2005","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1007\/s11033-024-09440-6","article-title":"Correction: gene expression analysis of intestinal IL-8, IL-17 a and IL-10 in patients with celiac and inflammatory bowel diseases","volume":"51","author":"Aghamohamad","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol Biol Rep"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130037","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2021.130037","article-title":"Particle size and variety of coffee used as variables in mitigation of furan and 2-methylfuran content in espresso coffee","volume":"361","author":"Genovese","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Chem"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2020.01.281","article-title":"Procuring biologically active galactomannans from spent coffee ground (SCG) by autohydrolysis and enzymatic hydrolysis","volume":"149","author":"Gu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Biol Macromol"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1111\/lam.12849","article-title":"Biotechnological conversion of spent coffee grounds into lactic acid","volume":"66","author":"Hudeckova","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lett Appl Microbiol"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2021.120309","article-title":"Solid biofuel production from spent coffee ground wastes: process optimisation, characterisation and kinetic studies","volume":"292","author":"Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3493","DOI":"10.1007\/s11947-014-1349-z","article-title":"Chemical, functional, and structural properties of spent coffee grounds and coffee Silverskin","volume":"7","author":"Ballesteros","year":"2014","journal-title":"Food Bioprocess Technol"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1629","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-009-2355-3","article-title":"Antibacterial free fatty acids: activities, mechanisms of action and biotechnological potential","volume":"85","author":"Desbois","year":"2010","journal-title":"Appl Microbiol Biotechnol"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.2001.tb09460.x","article-title":"The influence of polyunsaturated fatty acids on probiotic growth and adhesion","volume":"194","author":"Kankaanp\u00e4\u00e4","year":"2001","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol Lett"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.mcb.2023.01.008","article-title":"Human intestinal organoid models for celiac disease research","volume":"179","author":"Dotsenko","year":"2023","journal-title":"Methods Cell Biol"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2024.10.003","article-title":"Human organoids and organ-on-chips in coeliac disease research","volume":"31","author":"Simpson","year":"2024","journal-title":"Trends Mol Med"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1186\/s13619-020-00040-w","article-title":"Generation of 3D human gastrointestinal organoids: principle and applications","volume":"9","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Regen"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1166\/jbmb.2013.1369","article-title":"Spent coffee grounds as a renewable source of bioactive compounds","volume":"7","author":"Acevedo","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Biobased Mater Bioenergy"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-1716.2012.02444.x","article-title":"Endocannabinoids modulate non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic inhibitory neurotransmission in strips from the mouse gastric fundus","volume":"206","author":"Garella","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta Physiol (Oxf)"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.D001065","article-title":"Preparation of fatty acid methyl esters for gas-liquid chromatography","volume":"51","author":"Ichihara","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Lipid Res"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Nutrition"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnut.2025.1549120\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,13]],"date-time":"2025-05-13T13:55:26Z","timestamp":1747144526000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnut.2025.1549120\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,13]]},"references-count":52,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fnut.2025.1549120"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnut.2025.1549120","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-861X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-861X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,13]]},"article-number":"1549120"}}