{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T00:22:17Z","timestamp":1792196537615,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,31]],"date-time":"2025-03-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743379200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Nutr."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>The diet\u2013microbiota\u2013gut\u2013brain axis is an emerging frontier in brain health, with microbiota-targeted dietary interventions offering potential benefits. This study aimed to explore the association between the recently introduced dietary index for gut microbiota (DI-GM) and self-reported severe headache or migraine in U.S. adults.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>This cross-sectional study analyzed the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) data from 1999 to 2004. Severe headache or migraine was determined based on participants\u2019 responses to the question: \u201cHave you had a severe headache or migraine in the past 3 months?\u201d The DI-GM was calculated from dietary recall data. Multivariable logistic regression models were performed to evaluate the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI) for the association between DI-GM and severe headache or migraine. Secondary analyses included restricted cubic splines (RCS) and subgroup analyses.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>After adjustments, a higher DI-GM score and BGMS were associated with a lower prevalence of severe headache or migraine (DI-GM: OR\u202f=\u202f0.95, 95% CI\u202f=\u202f0.91\u20130.99, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> =\u202f0.011; BGMS: OR\u202f=\u202f0.90, 95% CI\u202f=\u202f0.85\u20130.96, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> =\u202f0.003). RCS showed a linear relationship between DI-GM and severe headache or migraine. In two-piecewise regression models, the adjusted OR for developing a severe headache or migraine was 0.90 (95% CI\u202f=\u202f0.85\u20130.97, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> =\u202f0.005) in participants with a DI-GM score\u202f\u2265\u202f4, whereas no association was observed in those with a DI-GM score\u202f&amp;lt;\u202f4.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The DI-GM was negatively associated with the prevalence of self-reported severe headache or migraine in U.S. adults, particularly when scores exceeded 4.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2025.1549251","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,31]],"date-time":"2025-03-31T04:17:36Z","timestamp":1743394656000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Association between dietary index for gut microbiota and self-reported severe headache or migraine in U.S. adults: a cross-sectional study from NHANES"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Jingjing","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hailian","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weiyi","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shaoqiang","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1866","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1915327","article-title":"Migraine","volume":"383","author":"Ashina","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2133","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)00757-8","article-title":"Global incidence, prevalence, years lived with disability (YLDs), disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 371 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1990\u20132021: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2021","volume":"403","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1485","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)32160-7","article-title":"Migraine: epidemiology and systems of care","volume":"397","author":"Ashina","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1007\/s43440-024-00584-7","article-title":"Migraine and the microbiota. 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