{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T23:04:46Z","timestamp":1792019086175,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":130,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,31]],"date-time":"2025-03-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743379200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Nutr."],"abstract":"<jats:p>The growing demand for sustainable and nutrient-rich food sources has positioned edible insects as a viable alternative to traditional animal-based proteins. This review explores the bioactive properties and food safety considerations of edible insects, emphasizing their potential health benefits and the challenges associated with their widespread consumption. Research has identified bioactive compounds in insects with antioxidant, antimicrobial, immunomodulatory, cardioprotective, and digestive health-promoting properties, highlighting their potential as functional foods for preventing or managing chronic diseases such as cardiovascular conditions and inflammatory disorders. Additionally, this review examines findings related to contaminants in edible insects, including heavy metals, microbial pathogens, and allergens, which could pose health risks. Certain insect species have shown accumulation of heavy metals, such as cadmium and lead, depending on their diet and environment. Moreover, microbial contamination, including bacteria, fungi, and parasites, can occur if farming and processing conditions are not properly controlled. Furthermore, insect proteins exhibit cross-reactivity with allergens found in crustaceans and dust mites, raising concerns for individuals with food allergies. For edible insects to be successfully integrated into global food systems, further technological advancements, regulatory oversight, and consumer acceptance strategies must be implemented. Addressing these challenges will enable edible insects to become a key component of sustainable food systems, contributing to global nutrition, environmental sustainability, and human health.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2025.1571084","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,31]],"date-time":"2025-03-31T04:31:40Z","timestamp":1743395500000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":49,"title":["Edible insects as functional foods: bioactive compounds, health benefits, safety concerns, allergenicity, and regulatory considerations"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Fernando E.","family":"Alejandro Ruiz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julio F.","family":"Ortega J\u00e1come","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eduardo","family":"Tejera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 M.","family":"Alvarez-Suarez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfutfo.2021.10.001","article-title":"Edible insects as future food: chances and challenges","volume":"1","author":"Lange","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Fut Foods"},{"key":"ref2","first-page":"3","article-title":"Estimates for world population and global food availability for global health","volume-title":"The Role of Functional Food Security in Global Health","author":"Tripathi","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1002\/fft2.167","article-title":"Edible insects: a novel nutritious, functional, and safe food alternative","volume":"3","author":"Giampieri","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Front"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-823482-2.00015-7","article-title":"Potential of edible insects as a new source of bioactive compounds against metabolic syndrome","author":"Navarro del Hierro","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5045","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-55603-7","article-title":"The global atlas of edible insects: analysis of diversity and commonality contributing to food systems and sustainability","volume":"14","author":"Omuse","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4802","DOI":"10.2741\/4802","article-title":"From entomophagy to entomotherapy","volume":"25","author":"Chantawannakul","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Biosci"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nfs.2019.11.002","article-title":"Benefits and food safety concerns associated with consumption of edible insects","volume":"18","author":"Imathiu","year":"2020","journal-title":"NFS J"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4257","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2015.4257","article-title":"Risk profile related to production and consumption of insects as food and feed","volume":"13","year":"2015","journal-title":"EFSA J"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cofs.2021.08.003","article-title":"Bioavailability of nutrients from edible insects","volume":"41","author":"Ojha","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr Opin Food Sci"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1007\/s11882-021-01012-z","article-title":"Allergens from edible insects: cross-reactivity and effects of processing","volume":"21","author":"De Marchi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr Allergy Asthma Rep"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1818","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2012.4581","article-title":"Dietary (poly)phenolics in human health: structures, bioavailability, and evidence of protective effects against chronic diseases","volume":"18","author":"Del Rio","year":"2013","journal-title":"Antioxid Redox Signal"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo13060716","article-title":"Plant secondary metabolites: the weapons for biotic stress management","volume":"13","author":"Al-Khayri","year":"2023","journal-title":"Meta"},{"key":"ref13","first-page":"111","article-title":"Cuticular sclerotization in insects \u2013 a critical review","volume-title":"Adv. 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