{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,3]],"date-time":"2025-12-03T18:13:45Z","timestamp":1764785625973,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,28]],"date-time":"2025-04-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745798400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Nutr."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our study aims to investigate the impact of dietary live microbe on the relationship between chronic inflammatory airway diseases (CIAD) and depressive symptoms.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We selected data from the NHANES database from 2007 to 2020. First, we explored the relationship between CIAD and depressive symptoms using logistic regression analysis. And subgroup analyses were conducted to demonstrate the relationship and whether there was an interaction effect between the two in each subgroup. Then, we further analyzed the effect of live microbe on depressive symptoms in CIAD patients. And subgroup analyses were conducted to assess whether the effect of dietary viable microbial levels on depressive symptoms held true in each subgroup and whether there was an interaction effect.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>A study included 23,072 participants, of whom 5,111 were diagnosed with CIAD, and 5,110 had live microbial information available. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that, compared to those without CIAD, individuals with CIAD had an increased risk of depressive symptoms. Subgroup analysis indicated that, except for educational level and smoking status, all other subgroups demonstrated that CIAD increased the risk of depressive symptoms. Additionally, within the CIAD population, a higher level of live microbe was associated with a reduced risk of depressive symptoms. It is implied that live microbe can negatively modulate the relationship between CIAD and depressive symptoms. Subgroup analysis further showed no significant interaction effects across subgroups (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u202f&amp;gt;\u202f0.05).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Chronic inflammatory airway diseases can increase the risk of developing depressive symptoms. Dietary live microbe negatively modulate the relationship between CIAD and depressive symptoms. High levels of dietary live microbe significantly reduced the risk of depressive symptoms in patients with CIAD.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2025.1572178","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,28]],"date-time":"2025-04-28T05:30:39Z","timestamp":1745818239000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Moderating role of live microbe between chronic inflammatory airway disease and depressive symptoms"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Wenqiang","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qian","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jingshan","family":"Bai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Youli","family":"Wen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zefu","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhiping","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qian","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1404615","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1404615","article-title":"Inflammation mechanism and research Progress of Copd","volume":"15","author":"Xu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2400150","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00150-2024","article-title":"Type 2 airway inflammation in Copd","volume":"63","author":"Polverino","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(21)00511-7","article-title":"Global, regional, and National Prevalence of, and risk factors for, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (Copd) in 2019: a systematic review and modelling analysis","volume":"10","author":"Adeloye","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(20)30105-3","article-title":"GBD Chronic Respiratory Disease Collaborators. Prevalence and attributable health burden of chronic respiratory diseases, 1990-2017: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2017","volume":"8","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2002094","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.02094-2020","article-title":"Trends in worldwide asthma prevalence","volume":"56","author":"Asher","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(21)00395-3","article-title":"Regional, and National Burden of 12 mental disorders in 204 countries and territories, 1990-2019: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2019","volume":"9","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1186\/s12991-024-00513-1","article-title":"Global, regional, and National Time Trends in incidence for depressive disorders, from 1990 to 2019: An age-period-cohort analysis for the Gbd 2019","volume":"23","author":"Wu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ann General Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2020.06.002","article-title":"The bidirectional relationship of depression and inflammation: double trouble","volume":"107","author":"Beurel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2024.02.036","article-title":"The mediating role of obesity in the development of depression in individuals with diabetes: a population-based study from Nhanes 2005-2014","volume":"351","author":"Nong","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2024.08.218","article-title":"Development and external validation of a risk prediction model for depression in patients with coronary heart disease","volume":"367","author":"Hou","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2024.01.083","article-title":"Construction of a depression risk prediction model for type 2 diabetes mellitus patients based on Nhanes 2007-2014","volume":"349","author":"Yu","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1545","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina60091545","article-title":"Immune Mrna expression and fecal microbiome composition change induced by Djulis (Chenopodium Formosanum Koidz.) supplementation in aged mice: A pilot study","volume":"60","author":"Villanueva","year":"2024","journal-title":"Medicina"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1128","DOI":"10.1038\/s12276-020-0469-y","article-title":"Fecal microbial transplantation and a high Fiber diet attenuates emphysema development by suppressing inflammation and apoptosis","volume":"52","author":"Jang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Exp Mol Med"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-020-00856-3","article-title":"Microbial metabolism of L-tyrosine protects against allergic airway inflammation","volume":"22","author":"Wypych","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2147","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.02147","article-title":"Diet, microbiota and gut-lung connection","volume":"9","author":"Anand","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101798","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xcrm.2024.101798","article-title":"Bifidobacteria with Indole-3-lactic acid-producing capacity exhibit Psychobiotic potential via reducing Neuroinflammation","volume":"5","author":"Qian","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Rep Med"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2022.2573","article-title":"Association of 24-hour activity pattern phenotypes with depression symptoms and cognitive performance in aging","volume":"79","author":"Smagula","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1691","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2017.03.034","article-title":"Depression and asthma outcomes in older adults: results from the National Health and nutrition examination survey","volume":"5","author":"Patel","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2007.12.013","article-title":"Microbiological quality of fresh, minimally-processed fruit and vegetables, and sprouts from retail establishments","volume":"123","author":"Abadias","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int J Food Microbiol"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1785","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.01785","article-title":"Fermented foods as a dietary source of live organisms","volume":"9","author":"Rezac","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1240","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02258-07","article-title":"Microbiological quality of bagged cut spinach and lettuce mixes","volume":"74","author":"Valentin-Bon","year":"2008","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2016.03.415","article-title":"Obstructive and restrictive lung function measures and Ckd: National Health and nutrition examination survey (Nhanes) 2007-2012","volume":"68","author":"Navaneethan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1706","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)30841-9","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in China (the China pulmonary health [Cph] study): a National Cross-Sectional Study","volume":"391","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e081776","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2023-081776","article-title":"Effect of multimorbidity on depressive status in older Chinese adults: evidence from the China health and retirement longitudinal study (Charls)","volume":"14","author":"Chao","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1097\/00006842-200107000-00015","article-title":"Association of Depression and Diabetes Complications: a Meta-analysis","volume":"63","author":"de Groot","year":"2001","journal-title":"Psychosom Med"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-024-03382-3","article-title":"Association and biological pathways between lung function and incident depression: a prospective cohort study of 280, 032 participants","volume":"22","author":"Hu","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2022.06.090","article-title":"Socioeconomic status and depressive symptoms: an individual-participant data meta-analysis on range restriction and measurement in the United States","volume":"314","author":"Korous","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwaa026","article-title":"The contribution of neighborhood socioeconomic disadvantage to depressive symptoms over the course of adult life: a 32-year prospective cohort study","volume":"189","author":"Elovainio","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.4089","article-title":"Evidence for a mental health crisis in graduate education","volume":"36","author":"Evans","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Biotechnol"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1418","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2014.05.011","article-title":"How robust is the association between smoking and depression in adults? A meta-analysis using linear mixed-effects models","volume":"39","author":"Luger","year":"2014","journal-title":"Addict Behav"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.3132\/pcrj.2007.00047","article-title":"The relationship between inflammatory markers and disability in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (Copd)","volume":"16","author":"Garrod","year":"2007","journal-title":"Prim Care Respir J"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"902","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.06.00109605","article-title":"C-reactive protein levels and clinically important predictive outcomes in stable Copd patients","volume":"27","author":"de Torres","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1186\/1465-9921-14-53","article-title":"Systemic inflammation, depression and obstructive pulmonary function: a population-based study","volume":"14","author":"Lu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Respir Res"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1639","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2008.04.068","article-title":"Chronic intermittent hypoxia sensitizes acute hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal stress reactivity and Fos induction in the rat locus Coeruleus in response to subsequent immobilization stress","volume":"154","author":"Ma","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e53083","DOI":"10.15252\/embr.202153083","article-title":"Reprogramming of glucocorticoid receptor function by hypoxia","volume":"23","author":"Vanderhaeghen","year":"2022","journal-title":"EMBO Rep"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2009.160","article-title":"Chronic Creatine supplementation alters depression-like behavior in rodents in a sex-dependent manner","volume":"35","author":"Allen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1095","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-021-01312-w","article-title":"Dysregulation of mitochondrial dynamics, Mitophagy and apoptosis in major depressive disorder: does inflammation play a role?","volume":"27","author":"Scaini","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104718","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2022.104718","article-title":"The interplay of hypoxic and mental stress: implications for anxiety and depressive disorders","volume":"138","author":"Burtscher","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1270","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2020.05.001","article-title":"Role of oxidative stress in depression","volume":"25","author":"Bhatt","year":"2020","journal-title":"Drug Discov Today"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101030","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plipres.2020.101030","article-title":"Lipid-based biomarkers for Cvd, Copd, and aging \u2013 a translational perspective","volume":"78","author":"Ekroos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Prog Lipid Res"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e244525","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2024.4525","article-title":"Metabolic profile and long-term risk of depression, anxiety, and stress-related disorders","volume":"7","author":"Chourpiliadis","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pccm.2023.10.001","article-title":"Advances in metabolomics of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"1","author":"Wu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chin Med J Pulm Crit Care Med"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-017-0585-0","article-title":"Anxiety, depression, and the microbiome: a role for gut peptides","volume":"15","author":"Lach","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-022-01841-y","article-title":"Gut microbiota regulates chronic ethanol exposure-induced depressive-like behavior through hippocampal Nlrp 3-mediated Neuroinflammation","volume":"28","author":"Yao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2004.09.002","article-title":"Activation in vagal afferents and central autonomic pathways: early responses to intestinal infection with Campylobacter jejuni","volume":"19","author":"Goehler","year":"2005","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2017.02.014","article-title":"Probiotic treatment reduces depressive-like behaviour in rats independently of diet","volume":"79","author":"Abildgaard","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2004.03.006","article-title":"The immunostimulating and antimicrobial properties of Lithium and antidepressants","volume":"49","author":"Lieb","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-8579(99)00154-5","article-title":"Antimicrobial activity of psychotropic drugs: selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors","volume":"14","author":"Munoz-Bellido","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int J Antimicrob Agents"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1521","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2013.06.008","article-title":"Effects of doxycycline on depressive-like behavior in mice after lipopolysaccharide (Lps) administration","volume":"47","author":"Mello","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.12788\/jcso.0167","article-title":"Fluoroquinolone-related neuropsychiatric and mitochondrial toxicity: a collaborative investigation by scientists and members of a social network","volume":"14","author":"Kaur","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Community Support Oncol"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1145","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202206-1066TR","article-title":"The bidirectional gut-lung Axis in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"207","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2022.02.004","article-title":"Brain-gut-microbiota Axis in depression: a historical overview and future directions","volume":"182","author":"Chang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain Res Bull"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2014.07.012","article-title":"Obese-type gut microbiota induce neurobehavioral changes in the absence of obesity","volume":"77","author":"Bruce-Keller","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Nutrition"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnut.2025.1572178\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,28]],"date-time":"2025-04-28T05:30:40Z","timestamp":1745818240000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnut.2025.1572178\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,28]]},"references-count":53,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fnut.2025.1572178"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnut.2025.1572178","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-861X"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2296-861X"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,28]]},"article-number":"1572178"}}