{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,13]],"date-time":"2026-06-13T15:25:53Z","timestamp":1781364353484,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,6]],"date-time":"2025-05-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746489600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Nutr."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Obesity, a growing public health issue, is closely associated with excessive energy intake and gut microbiota imbalances. Despite the increasing attention given to black jujube as a blackened fermented food in recent years, the role of its melanoidins (MLD) in obesity-related biological mechanisms has yet to be thoroughly investigated.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study investigated the effects of black jujube MLD on obesity induced by a high-fat diet in C57BL\/6J mice. We hypothesize that MLD exerts an anti-obesity effect, potentially mediated by alterations in gut microbiota composition and the modulation of metabolic responses.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The results demonstrate that MLD administration mitigated HFD-induced weight gain, improved insulin resistance, and enhanced glucose metabolism by reducing blood glucose and insulin levels (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.05). MLD also protected the liver, as evidenced by a 16.4% decrease in alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels and a 29.6% decrease in aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.05). Furthermore, MLD treatment restored the compromised intestinal microbiota to a healthier state at the genus level by lowering the <jats:italic>Firmicutes<\/jats:italic>\/<jats:italic>Bacteroidetes<\/jats:italic> ratio (38.9%), suppressing the abundance of pathogenic bacteria, such as <jats:italic>Erysipelatoclostridium<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Bacteroides<\/jats:italic> descendants, and promoting the growth of beneficial bacteria, including <jats:italic>Bifidobacterium and norank_f_Muribaculaceae<\/jats:italic>. Metabolomic profiling revealed that MLD can alleviate metabolic disorders by downregulating arginine metabolism and sphingolipid metabolism. Its metabolites are significantly correlated with several bacterial genera, including <jats:italic>Bacteroides, Roseburia, Erysipelatoclostridium, Bacteroides, norank_f_Muribaculaceae<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>Lachnospiraceae NK4A136 group<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Based on these findings, MLD may mitigate obesity and other associated metabolic disorders by modulating the gut microbiome\u2013metabolism axis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2025.1580439","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,6]],"date-time":"2025-05-06T04:15:44Z","timestamp":1746504944000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Modulatory effects of black jujube melanoidins on gut microbiota and metabolic pathways in high-fat diet-induced 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