{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T11:44:23Z","timestamp":1788867863692,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":162,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753833600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Nutr."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The role of nutrition in Attention-Deficit, Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and other neurodivergent conditions is of growing public and research interest. There is little research reporting vitamin, mineral and omega-3 fatty acid levels in ADHD and brain health.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This study presents nutritional and psychological data from a community UK sample of children (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 47,\n                      <jats:italic>Mean age<\/jats:italic>\n                      : 10.1 years) and adults (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 10,\n                      <jats:italic>Mean age<\/jats:italic>\n                      : 29.8 years) with ADHD, autism, dyslexia and other neurodivergent conditions (total\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 57). The participants undertook a blood draw which measured a range of vitamins, minerals and omega-3 fatty acids as well as food allergies and food intolerances which were then correlated with psychological symptom scores measuring ADHD symptoms.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The key findings, revealed that both children and adults presented with a range of insufficiencies in key nutrients which facilitate neurotransmitter function and, which are deemed as brain-essential, namely omega-3 fatty acids, zinc, B-vitamins and vitamin D. Furthermore, significant relationships were observed between nutrient levels and ADHD symptom severity in the children\u2019s group. For example, red blood cell magnesium was negatively correlated with the Conners CI-Parent Rating Scale (CPRS) Disruptive Behavior scores (rho = \u22120.597,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.024). The omega-3 index (sum of EPA + DHA as a percentage of total fatty acids) was negatively correlated with their Learning and Language Disorder scores, (rho = \u22120.601,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.018). Magnesium levels were also associated with overall ADHD symptom severity (rho = \u22120.612,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.02), implying that the greater the severity of ADHD symptoms, the lower the magnesium. This clinical cohort also presented with a range of food intolerances with over 80% of participants presenting with high reactivity scores to cow\u2019s milk, other dairy, and casein, and just over half the sample intolerant to wheat and wheat gluten.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This is a novel study which presents preliminary data and insights in the role of nutrition in ADHD and neurodivergence. and relationships between nutritional insufficiencies and ADHD-symptoms. It specifically demonstrates a range of food intolerances and relationships between nutritional insufficiencies and ADHD-symptoms, which warrant further exploration in larger case-control groups.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2025.1586925","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T04:13:55Z","timestamp":1753848835000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["A closer look at the role of nutrition in children and adults with ADHD and neurodivergence"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Catherine","family":"Hunter","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carla","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily","family":"Davies","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simon C.","family":"Dyall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachel V.","family":"Gow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1223966","DOI":"10.3389\/fphy.2023.1223966","article-title":"Supporting neurodivergent talent: ADHD, autism, and dyslexia in physics sand space sciences [Perspective].","volume":"11","author":"Turner","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Phys."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1279925","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2023.1279925","article-title":"Nutrient synergy: Definition, evidence, and future directions [Review].","volume":"10","author":"Townsend","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Nutr."},{"key":"B3","year":"1989","journal-title":"Recommended Dietary Allowances."},{"key":"B4","author":"Gow","year":"2021","journal-title":"Smart Foods for ADHD and Brain Health: How Nutrition Influences Cognitive Function, Behaviour and Mood."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1007\/s40291-022-00609-y","article-title":"Epigenetics and ADHD: Reflections on current knowledge, research priorities and translational potential.","volume":"26","author":"Cecil","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol Diagn Ther."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chc.2014.02.002","article-title":"Omega-3 fatty acid and nutrient deficits in adverse neurodevelopment and childhood behaviors.","volume":"23","author":"Gow","year":"2014","journal-title":"Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2023.07.071","article-title":"The global prevalence of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents: An umbrella review of meta-analyses.","volume":"339","author":"Ayano","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Affect Disord."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"04009","DOI":"10.7189\/jogh.11.04009","article-title":"The prevalence of adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: A global systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"11","author":"Song","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Glob Health."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-017-1463-3","article-title":"Adult ADHD and comorbid disorders: Clinical implications of a dimensional approach.","volume":"17","author":"Katzman","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry."},{"key":"B10","year":"2016","journal-title":"DSM-5 Classification."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e7","DOI":"10.1192\/bjo.2019.94","article-title":"Regional analysis of UK primary care prescribing and adult service referrals for young people with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder.","volume":"6","author":"Price","year":"2020","journal-title":"BJPsych Open."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2023.4294","article-title":"Attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder medications and long-term risk of cardiovascular diseases.","volume":"81","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1573","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12061573","article-title":"Use of non-pharmacological supplementations in children and adolescents with attention deficit\/hyperactivity disorder: A critical review.","volume":"12","author":"Rosi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutrients."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1016\/s0035-3787(04)71032-2","article-title":"[The role of nutritional factors on the structure and function of the brain: An update on dietary requirements].","volume":"160","author":"Bourre","year":"2004","journal-title":"Rev Neurol."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2014.05.001","article-title":"Energetic and nutritional constraints on infant brain development: Implications for brain expansion during human evolution.","volume":"77","author":"Cunnane","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Hum Evol."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2275(20)39619-X","article-title":"Lipid composition of the normal human brain: gray matter, white matter, and myelin.","volume":"6","author":"O\u2019Brien","year":"1965","journal-title":"J Lipid Res"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2019.07.001","article-title":"Brain eicosapentaenoic acid metabolism as a lead for novel therapeutics in major depression.","volume":"85","author":"Bazinet","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1098453","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2023.1098453","article-title":"The Metabolic Matrix: Re-engineering ultraprocessed foods to feed the gut, protect the liver, and support the brain.","volume":"10","author":"Harlan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Nutr."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2021.105154","article-title":"Murine and human microglial cells are relatively enriched with eicosapentaenoic acid compared to the whole brain.","volume":"150","author":"Cisbani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurochem Int."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.2174\/1871527317666180412153612","article-title":"N-3 (Omega-3) fatty acids: Effects on brain dopamine systems and potential role in the etiology and treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders.","volume":"17","author":"Healy-Stoffel","year":"2018","journal-title":"CNS Neurol Disord Drug Targets."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2009.192","article-title":"Long-chain omega-3 fatty acids for indicated prevention of psychotic disorders: A randomized, placebo-controlled trial.","volume":"67","author":"Amminger","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e000898","DOI":"10.1136\/openhrt-2018-000898","article-title":"Omega-6 vegetable oils as a driver of coronary heart disease: The oxidized linoleic acid hypothesis.","volume":"5","author":"DiNicolantonio","year":"2018","journal-title":"Open Heart."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1097\/mco.0000000000001077","article-title":"Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in depression: Insights from recent clinical trials.","volume":"28","author":"Dyall","year":"2025","journal-title":"Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.114.160242","article-title":"Efficacy of omega-3 highly unsaturated fatty acids in the treatment of depression.","volume":"209","author":"Hallahan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102572","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plefa.2023.102572","article-title":"Effects of long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on reducing anxiety and\/or depression in adults; A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials.","volume":"192","author":"Kelaiditis","year":"2023","journal-title":"Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2019.00115","article-title":"Improvement in cognition following double-blind randomized micronutrient interventions in the general population.","volume":"13","author":"Denniss","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Behav Neurosci."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2421","article-title":"Brain foods: The effects of nutrients on brain function.","volume":"9","author":"G\u00f3mez-Pinilla","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2013.01.002","article-title":"Nutritional modulation of cognitive function and mental health.","volume":"24","author":"Parletta","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Nutr Biochem."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-020-01058-z","article-title":"Association between DNA methylation and ADHD symptoms from birth to school age: A prospective meta-analysis.","volume":"10","author":"Neumann","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2009.06335.x","article-title":"Docosahexaenoic acid promotes hippocampal neuronal development and synaptic function.","volume":"111","author":"Cao","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Neurochem."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1080\/17584299.2017.1319454","article-title":"Omega 3 fatty acids, inflammation and DNA methylation: An overview.","volume":"12","author":"Hussey","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clini Lipidol."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.4103\/1735-1995.200272","article-title":"Environmental factors influencing the risk of autism.","volume":"22","author":"Karimi","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Res Med Sci."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plipres.2022.101165","article-title":"Polyunsaturated fatty acids and fatty acid-derived lipid mediators: Recent advances in the understanding of their biosynthesis, structures, and functions.","volume":"86","author":"Dyall","year":"2022","journal-title":"Prog Lipid Res."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1157","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.117.155648","article-title":"DHA-rich n\u20133 fatty acid supplementation decreases DNA methylation in blood leukocytes: The OmegAD study123.","volume":"106","author":"Karimi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2024.104277","article-title":"The epigenetic impact of fatty acids as DNA methylation modulators.","volume":"30","author":"Ediriweera","year":"2024","journal-title":"Drug Discovery Today."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1186\/s13148-017-0345-3","article-title":"Epigenetic changes in blood leukocytes following an omega-3 fatty acid supplementation.","volume":"9","author":"Tremblay","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Epigenet."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plefa.2016.05.007","article-title":"People with schizophrenia and depression have a low omega-3 index.","volume":"110","author":"Parletta","year":"2016","journal-title":"Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1007\/s11886-010-0141-6","article-title":"The omega-3 index: clinical utility for therapeutic intervention.","volume":"12","author":"Harris","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr Cardiol Rep"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3979","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13113979","article-title":"Targeting DNA methylation in the adult brain through diet.","volume":"13","author":"Allison","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutrients."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1017\/s0029665111003302","article-title":"Nutritional influences on epigenetics and age-related disease.","volume":"71","author":"Park","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc Nutr Soc."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1172","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2020.1748258","article-title":"Gut microbiota profiles of autism spectrum disorder and attention deficit\/hyperactivity disorder: A systematic literature review.","volume":"11","author":"Bundgaard-Nielsen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gut Microbes."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1238005","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2023.1238005","article-title":"Psychobiotics and fecal microbial transplantation for autism and attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder: Microbiome modulation and therapeutic mechanisms [Review].","volume":"13","author":"Kwak","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2017.00120","article-title":"The gut microbiota and autism spectrum disorders.","volume":"11","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Cell Neurosci."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10050591","article-title":"Dietary neurotransmitters: A narrative review on current knowledge.","volume":"10","author":"Briguglio","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nutrients."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"616883","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2021.616883","article-title":"The contribution of gut microbiota\u2013brain axis in the development of brain disorders [Review].","volume":"15","author":"Maiuolo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Neurosci."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161358","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/161358","article-title":"The potential role of probiotics in the management of childhood autism spectrum disorders.","volume":"2011","author":"Critchfield","year":"2011","journal-title":"Gastroenterol Res Pract."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1002266","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2022.1002266","article-title":"Diet-microbiome-gut-brain nexus in acute and chronic brain injury.","volume":"16","author":"Krakovski","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Neurosci."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14030462","article-title":"Interventions on microbiota: Where do we stand on a gut\u2013brain link in autism? A systematic review.","volume":"14","author":"Prosperi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nutrients."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plefa.2013.03.008","article-title":"Omega-3 fatty acids are related to abnormal emotion processing in adolescent boys with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Financial support from this study was given by way of grants from the Mother & Child and Letten Foundations and from Vifor Pharma.","volume":"88","author":"Gow","year":"2013","journal-title":"Prostaglandins Leukotrienes Essential Fatty Acids."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2014.05.005","article-title":"Omega-3 fatty acid and ADHD: Blood level analysis and meta-analytic extension of supplementation trials.","volume":"34","author":"Hawkey","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Rev."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1192\/bjpo.bp.116.003491","article-title":"Vitamin levels in adults with ADHD.","volume":"2","author":"Landaas","year":"2016","journal-title":"BJPsych Open."},{"key":"B52","first-page":"46","article-title":"Improvement of neurobehavioral disorders in children supplemented with magnesium-vitamin B6. I. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorders.","volume":"19","author":"Mousain-Bosc","year":"2006","journal-title":"Magnes Res."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2011.06.008","article-title":"Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation for the treatment of children with attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder symptomatology: Systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"50","author":"Bloch","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2017.160","article-title":"Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in youths with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials and biological studies.","volume":"43","author":"Chang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology."},{"key":"B55","first-page":"53","article-title":"Improvement of neurobehavioral disorders in children supplemented with magnesium-vitamin B6. II. Pervasive developmental disorder-autism.","volume":"19","author":"Mousain-Bosc","year":"2006","journal-title":"Magnes Res."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101027","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conctc.2022.101027","article-title":"Protocol for a randomised placebo-controlled trial investigating the efficacy and safety of a vitamin-mineral formula targeting dysregulated emotions in teenagers: The balancing emotions of adolescents with micronutrients (BEAM) study.","volume":"30","author":"Rucklidge","year":"2022","journal-title":"Contemp Clin Trials Commun."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.55.3.437","article-title":"The effect of pyridoxine hydrochloride on blood serotonin and pyridoxal phosphate contents in hyperactive children.","volume":"55","author":"Bhagavan","year":"1975","journal-title":"Pediatrics."},{"key":"B58","first-page":"741","article-title":"A preliminary study of the effect of pyridoxine administration in a subgroup of hyperkinetic children: A double-blind crossover comparison with methylphenidate.","volume":"14","author":"Coleman","year":"1979","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.3810\/pgm.2014.09.2795","article-title":"Attention benefits after a single dose of metadoxine extended release in adults with predominantly inattentive ADHD.","volume":"126","author":"Manor","year":"2014","journal-title":"Postgrad Med."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2007.07.042","article-title":"EPA and DHA in blood cell membranes from acute coronary syndrome patients and controls.","volume":"197","author":"Block","year":"2008","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1023\/a:1022602400621","article-title":"The revised Conners\u2019 Parent Rating Scale (CPRS-R): Factor structure, reliability, and criterion validity.","volume":"26","author":"Conners","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Abnorm Child Psychol."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-200001000-00019","article-title":"Children\u2019s Interview for Psychiatric Syndromes (ChIPS).","volume":"39","author":"Weller","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry."},{"key":"B63","author":"Kaufman","year":"1990","journal-title":"Kaufman Brief Intelligence Test: KBIT."},{"key":"B64","author":"Epstein","year":"2001","journal-title":"CAADID. The Conner1s Adult ADHD Diagnostic Interview for DSM-IV."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291704002892","article-title":"The World Health Organization adult ADHD self-report scale (ASRS): A short screening scale for use in the general population.","volume":"35","author":"Kessler","year":"2005","journal-title":"Psychol Med."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7967(94)00075-U","article-title":"The structure of negative emotional states: Comparison of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS) with the beck depression and anxiety inventories.","volume":"33","author":"Lovibond","year":"1995","journal-title":"Behav Res Ther."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plefa.2009.01.004","article-title":"Alpha-Linolenic acid supplementation and conversion to n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in humans.","volume":"80","author":"Brenna","year":"2009","journal-title":"Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids."},{"key":"B68","author":"Crawford","year":"2023","journal-title":"The Shrinking Brain."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2333","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12082333","article-title":"The importance of marine omega-3s for brain development and the prevention and treatment of behavior, mood, and other brain disorders.","volume":"12","author":"DiNicolantonio","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutrients."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plefa.2013.03.009","article-title":"Omega-3 fatty acids are inversely related to callous and unemotional traits in adolescent boys with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.","volume":"88","author":"Gow","year":"2013","journal-title":"Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids."},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1159\/000502652","article-title":"International society for nutritional psychiatry research practice guidelines for omega-3 fatty acids in the treatment of major depressive disorder.","volume":"88","author":"Guu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychother Psychosom."},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.7205\/milmed-d-14-00153","article-title":"The potential for military diets to reduce depression, suicide, and impulsive aggression: A review of current evidence for omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids.","volume":"11","author":"Hibbeln","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mil Med."},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0156432","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0156432","article-title":"Omega-3 and Omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid levels and correlations with symptoms in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Autistic Spectrum Disorder and Typically Developing Controls.","volume":"11","author":"Parletta","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One."},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1007\/s11292-019-09394-x","article-title":"Omega-3 supplementation in young offenders: A randomized, stratified, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group trial.","volume":"16","author":"Raine","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Exp Criminol."},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12314","article-title":"Reduction in behavior problems with omega-3 supplementation in children aged 8-16 years: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, stratified, parallel-group trial.","volume":"56","author":"Raine","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry."},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plefa.2014.01.004","article-title":"Which polyunsaturated fatty acids are active in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder receiving PUFA supplementation? A fatty acid validated meta-regression analysis of randomized controlled trials.","volume":"90","author":"Puri","year":"2014","journal-title":"Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids."},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1360","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2004-2164","article-title":"The oxford-durham study: A randomized, controlled trial of dietary supplementation with fatty acids in children with developmental coordination disorder.","volume":"115","author":"Richardson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pediatrics."},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(97)11374-5","article-title":"Effect of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in infant formula on problem solving at 10 months of age.","volume":"352","author":"Willatts","year":"1998","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3111","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13093111","article-title":"Early life nutrition and mental health: The role of DNA methylation.","volume":"13","author":"Bekdash","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutrients."},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2014.12.026","article-title":"Protective effects of dietary supplementation with natural \u03c9-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on the visual acuity of school-age children with lower IQ or attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder.","volume":"31","author":"Wu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutrition."},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"867150","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.867150","article-title":"Nutrition, epigenetics, and major depressive disorder: Understanding the connection [Review].","volume":"9","author":"Ortega","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Nutr."},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3290","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21093290","article-title":"The effects of maternal and postnatal dietary Methyl nutrients on epigenetic changes that lead to non-communicable diseases in adulthood.","volume":"21","author":"Randunu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci."},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105099","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2021.105099","article-title":"Brain on food: The neuroepigenetics of nutrition.","volume":"149","author":"Vaziri","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurochem Int."},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.7499\/j.issn.1008-8830.2017.05.024","article-title":"[Research advances in the association between maternal intake of methyl donor nutrients during pregnancy and DNA methylation in offspring].","volume":"19","author":"Wu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Zhongguo Dang Dai Er Ke Za Zhi."},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e66697","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0066697","article-title":"Low blood long chain omega-3 fatty acids in UK children are associated with poor cognitive performance and behavior: A cross-sectional analysis from the DOLAB study.","volume":"8","author":"Montgomery","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One."},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1080\/1028415X.2018.1449784","article-title":"Supplement: ISNPR conference abstracts.","volume":"21","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nutr Neurosci."},{"key":"B87","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuroimaging Omega-3 and Reward in Adults With ADHD (NORAA) Trial."},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102664","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plefa.2025.102664","article-title":"Long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids are associated with brain connectivity and mood in young adults with subthreshold depression: A preliminary study.","volume":"204","author":"Faulkner","year":"2025","journal-title":"Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids."},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2006.04.025","article-title":"Association of fatty acid desaturase genes with attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder.","volume":"60","author":"Brookes","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry."},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1007\/s13668-014-0079-1","article-title":"Genetic variants in the FADS gene: Implications for dietary recommendations for fatty acid intake.","volume":"3","author":"Mathias","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr Nutr Rep."},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.7205\/milmed-d-14-00149","article-title":"Dietary omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids compete in producing tissue compositions and tissue responses.","volume":"11","author":"Lands","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mil Med."},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/75.4.662","article-title":"The dopamine mesocorticolimbic pathway is affected by deficiency in n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids.","volume":"75","author":"Zimmer","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr."},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1147","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2010.97","article-title":"Motivation deficit in ADHD is associated with dysfunction of the dopamine reward pathway.","volume":"16","author":"Volkow","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry."},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3337","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.23244","article-title":"Brain GABA levels across psychiatric disorders: A systematic literature review and meta-analysis of (1) H-MRS studies.","volume":"37","author":"Sch\u00fcr","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hum Brain Mapp."},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2011.03.024","article-title":"GABAA receptor trafficking-mediated plasticity of inhibitory synapses.","volume":"70","author":"Luscher","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuron."},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2010.120","article-title":"The GABAergic deficit hypothesis of major depressive disorder.","volume":"16","author":"Luscher","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry."},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2020.02.018","article-title":"Shorter sleep duration is associated with lower GABA levels in the anterior cingulate cortex.","volume":"71","author":"Park","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sleep Med."},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2852","DOI":"10.1002\/hup.2852","article-title":"High-dose Vitamin B6 supplementation reduces anxiety and strengthens visual surround suppression.","volume":"37","author":"Field","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hum Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.03.055","article-title":"Dietary intake of B vitamins and their association with depression, anxiety, and stress symptoms: A cross-sectional, population-based survey.","volume":"288","author":"Mahdavifar","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Affect Disord."},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-021-01381-z","article-title":"Vitamin B6 deficiency hyperactivates the noradrenergic system, leading to social deficits and cognitive impairment.","volume":"11","author":"Toriumi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry."},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2314","DOI":"10.1080\/1028415x.2021.1963064","article-title":"Lower dietary intake of magnesium is associated with more callous-unemotional traits in children.","volume":"25","author":"Portnoy","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nutr Neurosci."},{"key":"B102","first-page":"165","article-title":"Magnesium: Its role in nutrition and carcinogenesis.","volume":"64","author":"Blaszczyk","year":"2013","journal-title":"Rocz Panstw Zakl Hig."},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1661","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12061661","article-title":"The role and the effect of magnesium in mental disorders: A systematic review.","volume":"12","author":"Botturi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutrients."},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2019.02.043","article-title":"Magnesium status and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): A meta-analysis.","volume":"274","author":"Effatpanah","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126445","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtemb.2019.126445","article-title":"Serum zinc, copper, zinc-to-copper ratio, and other essential elements and minerals in children with attention deficit\/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).","volume":"58","author":"Skalny","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Trace Elements Med Biol."},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1824","DOI":"10.1017\/s1368980014002432","article-title":"Low dietary intake of magnesium is associated with increased externalising behaviours in adolescents.","volume":"18","author":"Black","year":"2015","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr."},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-021-02631-1","article-title":"The effect of vitamin D and magnesium supplementation on the mental health status of attention-deficit hyperactive children: A randomized controlled trial.","volume":"21","author":"Hemamy","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Pediatr."},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50663","DOI":"10.12775\/JEHS.2024.68.50663","article-title":"Magnesium as a potential complementary treatment for ADHD-a review of recent literature.","volume":"68","author":"Smykiewicz","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Educ Health Sport."},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1089\/cap.2010.0073","article-title":"Zinc for attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder: Placebo-controlled double-blind pilot trial alone and combined with amphetamine.","volume":"21","author":"Arnold","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"B110","first-page":"307","article-title":"[The role of zinc in the treatment of hyperactivity disorder in children].","volume":"63","author":"Dodig-Curkovi\u0107","year":"2009","journal-title":"Acta Med Croatica."},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2233s","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/125.suppl_8.2233S","article-title":"A review of studies of the effect of severe malnutrition on mental development.","volume":"125","author":"Grantham-McGregor","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Nutr."},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1186\/1824-7288-37-60","article-title":"Zinc, ferritin, magnesium and copper in a group of Egyptian children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.","volume":"37","author":"Mahmoud","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ital J Pediatr."},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14612","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-94124-5","article-title":"Zinc status in attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies.","volume":"11","author":"Ghoreishy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101805","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2019.09.023","article-title":"Blood and hair zinc levels in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: A meta-analysis.","volume":"47","author":"Luo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Asian J Psychiatr."},{"key":"B115","first-page":"721","article-title":"Role of zinc in the pathogenesis of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: Implications for research and treatment.","volume":"24","author":"Lepping","year":"2010","journal-title":"CNS Drugs."},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1097\/MCO.0b013e32833df61a","article-title":"Role of zinc in the development and treatment of mood disorders.","volume":"13","author":"Cope","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care."},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-015-0395-3","article-title":"Changed plasma levels of zinc and copper to Zinc ratio and their possible associations with parent- and teacher-rated symptoms in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder.","volume":"169","author":"Viktorinova","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biol Trace Elem Res."},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S5","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-244X-8-S1-S5","article-title":"Fatty acids and oxidative stress in psychiatric disorders.","volume":"8","author":"Tsaluchidu","year":"2008","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox9020176","article-title":"Antioxidants as a potential target against inflammation and oxidative stress in attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder.","volume":"9","author":"Alvarez-Arellano","year":"2020","journal-title":"Antioxidants."},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2749","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15122749","article-title":"Global impacts of western diet and its effects on metabolism and health: A narrative review.","volume":"15","author":"Clemente-Su\u00e1rez","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nutrients."},{"key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1177\/1087054713510354","article-title":"Oxidative stress and ADHD: A meta-analysis.","volume":"19","author":"Joseph","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Atten Disord."},{"key":"B122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1532","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox12081532","article-title":"Oxidative stress and inflammatory biomarkers are related to high intake of ultra-processed food in old adults with metabolic syndrome.","volume":"12","author":"Quetglas-Llabr\u00e9s","year":"2023","journal-title":"Antioxidants."},{"key":"B123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1007\/s10787-017-0309-4","article-title":"Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of zinc. Zinc-dependent NF-\u03baB signaling.","volume":"25","author":"Jarosz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Inflammopharmacology."},{"key":"B124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106270","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cct.2021.106270","article-title":"Mediterranean-DASH intervention for neurodegenerative delay (MIND) study: Rationale, design and baseline characteristics of a randomized control trial of the MIND diet on cognitive decline.","volume":"102","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Contemp Clin Trials."},{"key":"B125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"599958","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.599958","article-title":"Serum levels of vitamin A and vitamin D and their association with symptoms in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder [Original Research].","volume":"11","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry."},{"key":"B126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.5114\/ceji.2021.103540","article-title":"The role of vitamin A and vitamin D in modulation of the immune response with a focus on innate lymphoid cells.","volume":"46","author":"D\u017eopali\u0107","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cent Eur J Immunol."},{"key":"B127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1093\/advances\/nmx002","article-title":"Vitamin D status and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies.","volume":"9","author":"Khoshbakht","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv Nutr."},{"key":"B128","first-page":"48","article-title":"The relationship between serum vitamin D level and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.","volume":"9","author":"Sharif","year":"2015","journal-title":"Iran J Child Neurol."},{"key":"B129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1501","DOI":"10.3390\/nu6041501","article-title":"Vitamin D and depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis comparing studies with and without biological flaws.","volume":"6","author":"Spedding","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nutrients."},{"key":"B130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2207","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.14-268342","article-title":"Vitamin D and the omega-3 fatty acids control serotonin synthesis and action, part 2: Relevance for ADHD, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and impulsive behavior.","volume":"29","author":"Patrick","year":"2015","journal-title":"Faseb J."},{"key":"B131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1089\/cap.2019.0059","article-title":"The effect of vitamin D supplementation on attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.","volume":"29","author":"Gan","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"B132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1111\/ped.12286","article-title":"Vitamin D status in children with attention-deficit-hyperactivity disorder.","volume":"56","author":"Goksugur","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pediatr Int."},{"key":"B133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1890","DOI":"10.1017\/s0033291720000665","article-title":"ADHD and depression: Investigating a causal explanation.","volume":"51","author":"Riglin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psychol Med."},{"key":"B134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1016\/s2213-8587(14)70225-6","article-title":"Iodine deficiency and thyroid disorders.","volume":"3","author":"Zimmermann","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol."},{"key":"B135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1239","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9111239","article-title":"Maternal iodine intake and offspring attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder: results from a large prospective cohort study.","volume":"9","author":"Abel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1177\/0004563215597249","article-title":"The new emergence of iodine deficiency in the UK: Consequences for child neurodevelopment.","volume":"52","author":"Rayman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann Clin Biochem."},{"key":"B137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.4274\/jcrpe.2406","article-title":"Evaluation of iodine deficiency in children with attention deficit\/hyperactivity disorder.","volume":"8","author":"Y\u00fcksek","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Clin Res Pediatr Endocrinol."},{"key":"B138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.1922.04120070092008","article-title":"Neuropathic manifestations in infants and children as a result of anaphylactic reaction to foods contained in their dietary.","volume":"24","author":"Shannon","year":"1922","journal-title":"Am J Dis Child."},{"key":"B139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2011.10.015","article-title":"Meta-analysis of attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder or attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder symptoms, restriction diet, and synthetic food color additives.","volume":"51","author":"Nigg","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry."},{"key":"B140","first-page":"462","article-title":"Foods and additives are common causes of the attention deficit hyperactive disorder in children.","volume":"72","author":"Boris","year":"1994","journal-title":"Ann Allergy."},{"key":"B141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1038\/nature14232","article-title":"Dietary emulsifiers impact the mouse gut microbiota promoting colitis and metabolic syndrome.","volume":"519","author":"Chassaing","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature."},{"key":"B142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1414","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2016-313099","article-title":"Dietary emulsifiers directly alter human microbiota composition and gene expression ex vivo potentiating intestinal inflammation.","volume":"66","author":"Chassaing","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gut."},{"key":"B143","first-page":"39","article-title":"IgE-mediated food hypersensitivity disorders.","volume":"57","author":"Gotua","year":"2008","journal-title":"Georgian Med News."},{"key":"B144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1560","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)61306-3","article-title":"Food additives and hyperactive behaviour in 3-year-old and 8\/9-year-old children in the community: A randomised, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial.","volume":"370","author":"McCann","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"B145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1729","DOI":"10.26599\/FSHW.2022.9250146","article-title":"Food intolerance and oligoantigenic diet in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder.","volume":"13","author":"Lange","year":"2024","journal-title":"Food Sci Hum Wellness."},{"key":"B146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7911","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18157911","article-title":"Casomorphins and gliadorphins have diverse systemic effects spanning gut, brain and internal organs.","volume":"18","author":"Woodford","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health."},{"key":"B147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2014.03.007","article-title":"Autistic children display elevated urine levels of bovine casomorphin-7 immunoreactivity.","volume":"56","author":"Sokolov","year":"2014","journal-title":"Peptides."},{"key":"B148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1649","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2013-0108","article-title":"Acetylcholinesterase activity and neurodevelopment in boys and girls.","volume":"132","author":"Suarez-Lopez","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pediatrics."},{"key":"B149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1677","DOI":"10.3390\/applmicrobiol4040114","article-title":"The effect of gut microbiome, neurotransmitters, and digital insights in autism.","volume":"4","author":"Bamicha","year":"2024","journal-title":"Appl Microbiol."},{"key":"B150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0273890","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0273890","article-title":"Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and the gut microbiome: An ecological perspective.","volume":"18","author":"Cickovski","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLoS One."},{"key":"B151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107564","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2024.107564","article-title":"Beyond metabolic messengers: Bile acids and TGR5 as pharmacotherapeutic intervention for psychiatric disorders.","volume":"211","author":"Darmanto","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pharmacol Res."},{"key":"B152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1507","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-022-02027-6","article-title":"Gut microbiome and attention deficit\/hyperactivity disorder: A systematic review.","volume":"92","author":"Gkougka","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pediatr Res."},{"key":"B153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"940","DOI":"10.1002\/bies.201400071","article-title":"Is eating behavior manipulated by the gastrointestinal microbiota? Evolutionary pressures and potential mechanisms.","volume":"36","author":"Alcock","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bioessays."},{"key":"B154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1002\/bies.201100024","article-title":"Probiotics function mechanistically as delivery vehicles for neuroactive compounds: Microbial endocrinology in the design and use of probiotics.","volume":"33","author":"Lyte","year":"2011","journal-title":"Bioessays."},{"key":"B155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.01384-12","article-title":"Hypothesis: Bacteria control host appetites.","volume":"195","author":"Norris","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Bacteriol."},{"key":"B156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2009.35","article-title":"Principles and clinical implications of the brain-gut-enteric microbiota axis.","volume":"6","author":"Rhee","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol."},{"key":"B157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-021-01504-6","article-title":"Gut microbiota signature in treatment-na\u00efve attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder.","volume":"11","author":"Richarte","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry."},{"key":"B158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"838941","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.838941","article-title":"Composition of the gut microbiota in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol."},{"key":"B159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1179\/147683010x12611460763922","article-title":"The ScanBrit randomised, controlled, single-blind study of a gluten- and casein-free dietary intervention for children with autism spectrum disorders.","volume":"13","author":"Whiteley","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nutr Neurosci."},{"key":"B160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chc.2014.05.002","article-title":"Nutritional supplements for the treatment of ADHD.","volume":"23","author":"Bloch","year":"2014","journal-title":"Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin North Am"},{"key":"B161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chc.2014.05.002","article-title":"Nutritional supplements for the treatment of ADHD.","volume":"23","author":"Bloch","year":"2014","journal-title":"Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am."},{"key":"B162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1092","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11051092","article-title":"Biomarkers of nutrition and health: New tools for new approaches.","volume":"11","author":"Pic\u00f3","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nutrients."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Nutrition"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnut.2025.1586925\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T04:13:59Z","timestamp":1753848839000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnut.2025.1586925\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]]},"references-count":162,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fnut.2025.1586925"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnut.2025.1586925","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-861X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-861X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]]},"article-number":"1586925"}}