{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T17:48:29Z","timestamp":1781113709903,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,23]],"date-time":"2025-04-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745366400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Nutr."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>The relationship between the gut microbiota and infertility has garnered increasing attention. However, the associations between dietary index for gut microbiota (DI-GM), an indicator of microbial diversity, and infertility remain insufficiently explored.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We analyzed data from 3,058 participants in the NHANES 2013\u20132020\u202fcycles, employing weighted generalized linear models and smooth curve analyses to examine their associations. Mediation analysis was conducted to assess the role of body mass index (BMI).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>After adjusting for confounding factors, a higher DI-GM score was significantly associated with a lower prevalence of infertility (OR\u202f=\u202f0.89, 95% CI\u202f=\u202f0.81\u20130.98, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u202f=\u202f0.029). Compared with individuals with a DI-GM score of 0\u20133, those with a score \u22656 presented a significantly lower prevalence of infertility (OR\u202f=\u202f0.64, 95% CI\u202f=\u202f0.43\u20130.96, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u202f=\u202f0.039). BMI mediated 5.98% of the association between DI-GM and infertility.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>A higher DI-GM score is associated with a lower prevalence of infertility. Future studies should employ longitudinal designs to validate these findings.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2025.1587240","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,23]],"date-time":"2025-04-23T04:10:42Z","timestamp":1745381442000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Association between dietary index for gut microbiota and female infertility: a cross-sectional NHANES 2013\u20132020"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Yu","family":"Fu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mengling","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"He","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bing","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yaoting","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmv016","article-title":"Infertility around the globe: new thinking on gender, reproductive technologies and global movements in the 21st century","volume":"21","author":"Inhorn","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hum Reprod Update"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.4788","article-title":"Diagnosis and Management of Infertility: a review","volume":"326","author":"Carson","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2243","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/dev163","article-title":"A challenge for researchers and clinicians","volume":"30","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmab035","article-title":"The role of gut and genital microbiota and the estrobolome in endometriosis, infertility and chronic pelvic pain","volume":"28","author":"Salliss","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hum Reprod Update"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"567.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2019.02.004","article-title":"Dietary patterns and outcomes of assisted reproduction","volume":"220","author":"Gaskins","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6327","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2024.08.038","article-title":"Microbial transformation of dietary xenobiotics shapes gut microbiome composition","volume":"187","author":"Culp","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2017.06.025","article-title":"Estrogen-gut microbiome axis: physiological and clinical implications","volume":"103","author":"Baker","year":"2017","journal-title":"Maturitas"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1111\/febs.15217","article-title":"The mutual interplay of gut microbiota, diet and human disease","volume":"287","author":"Illiano","year":"2020","journal-title":"FEBS J"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16071045","article-title":"The development and evaluation of a literature-based dietary index for gut microbiota","volume":"16","author":"Kase","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1458","DOI":"10.1039\/D4FO04649H","article-title":"Dietary index for gut microbiota is associated with stroke among US adults","volume":"16","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Food Funct"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1519346","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2025.1519346","article-title":"Association between the dietary index for gut microbiota and diabetes: the mediating role of phenotypic age and body mass index","volume":"12","author":"Huang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Nutr"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2021.08.038","article-title":"a committee opinion","volume":"116","year":"2021","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1001\/jamadermatol.2022.1609","article-title":"Association between psoriasis and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease among outpatient US adults","volume":"158","author":"Ruan","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Dermatol"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-024-02191-5","article-title":"The neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio is associated with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality among individuals with hypertension","volume":"23","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5653","DOI":"10.1039\/D2FO04082D","article-title":"Association of iron status with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and liver fibrosis in US adults: a cross-sectional study from NHANES 2017-2018","volume":"14","author":"Tan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food Funct"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-022-03839-0","article-title":"Associations between life's essential 8 and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease among US adults","volume":"20","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Transl Med"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2023.05.071","article-title":"Association between depression and oxidative balance score: National Health and nutrition examination survey (NHANES) 2005-2018","volume":"337","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-024-02173-7","article-title":"Association between different insulin resistance surrogates and all-cause mortality in patients with coronary heart disease and hypertension: NHANES longitudinal cohort study","volume":"23","author":"Hou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1502","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.05020421","article-title":"Soluble klotho and incident hypertension","volume":"16","author":"Drew","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1280873","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1280873","article-title":"Association between serum klotho concentration and hyperlipidemia in adults: a cross-sectional study from NHANES 2007-2016","volume":"14","author":"Yan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-023-02038-5","article-title":"Association between insulin resistance and uncontrolled hypertension and arterial stiffness among US adults: a population-based study","volume":"22","author":"Tan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1037\/a0020761","article-title":"A general approach to causal mediation analysis","volume":"15","author":"Imai","year":"2010","journal-title":"Psychol Methods"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-025-06117-x","article-title":"A disturbed communication between hypothalamic-pituitary-ovary axis and gut microbiota in female infertility: is diet to blame?","volume":"23","author":"Ahmad","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Transl Med"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12820","article-title":"Diet rapidly and reproducibly alters the human gut microbiome","volume":"505","author":"David","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2096","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2009.12.079","article-title":"The preconception Mediterranean dietary pattern in couples undergoing in vitro fertilization\/intracytoplasmic sperm injection treatment increases the chance of pregnancy","volume":"94","author":"Vujkovic","year":"2010","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2526","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/des157","article-title":"The preconception diet is associated with the chance of ongoing pregnancy in women undergoing IVF\/ICSI treatment","volume":"27","author":"Twigt","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4475","DOI":"10.1039\/D3FO04985J","article-title":"Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus HF01 fermented yogurt alleviated high-fat diet-induced obesity and hepatic steatosis via the gut microbiota-butyric acid-hepatic lipid metabolism axis","volume":"15","author":"Sun","year":"2024","journal-title":"Food Funct"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms251910636","article-title":"Impact of gut microbiota and SCFAs in the pathogenesis of PCOS and the effect of metformin therapy","volume":"25","author":"Kukaev","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0272124","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0272124","article-title":"Short chain fatty acid, acetate restores ovarian function in experimentally induced PCOS rat model","volume":"17","author":"Olaniyi","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12602-025-10458-w","article-title":"The promising biological role of Postbiotics in treating human infertility","author":"Khani","year":"2025","journal-title":"Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1039\/D4FO03806A","article-title":"Impact of daily avocado consumption on gut microbiota in adults with abdominal obesity: an ancillary study of HAT, a randomized controlled trial","volume":"16","author":"Yang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Food Funct"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2600","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms252312600","article-title":"An analysis of the digestive and reproductive tract microbiota in infertile women with obesity","volume":"25","author":"Bellver","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deab280","article-title":"Predictive models of pregnancy based on data from a preconception cohort study","volume":"37","author":"Yland","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1424033","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2024.1424033","article-title":"The relationship between cardiometabolic index and infertility in American adults: a population-based study","volume":"15","author":"Cheng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.3164\/jcbn.20-53","article-title":"Characterizing the gut microbiota in females with infertility and preliminary results of a water-soluble dietary fiber intervention study","volume":"67","author":"Komiya","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Biochem Nutr."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Nutrition"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnut.2025.1587240\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,23]],"date-time":"2025-04-23T04:10:43Z","timestamp":1745381443000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnut.2025.1587240\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,23]]},"references-count":35,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fnut.2025.1587240"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnut.2025.1587240","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-861X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-861X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,23]]},"article-number":"1587240"}}