{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T05:01:30Z","timestamp":1792213290088,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,8]],"date-time":"2025-05-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746662400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Nutr."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This cross-sectional study evaluated the correlation between serum sodium levels (135\u2013145\u202fmmol\/L) and biological aging in U.S. adults. Biological age, derived from multi-system biomarkers, provides a more accurate assessment of aging than chronological age. Hydration balance, reflected by serum sodium, may modulate age-related diseases and mortality, but its link to biological aging remains underexplored.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Using NHANES data (1999\u20132018), we focused on normonatremic adults (\u226520\u202fyears). The final cohort included 18,301 participants. Biological age was estimated using the Klemera and Doubal method, and \u2206age (biological age\u2014chronological age) was calculated. Associations were assessed using multivariate regression, generalized additive models, and threshold analysis. Subgroup analyses were conducted for variations across different populations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Nonlinear analysis revealed a U-shaped relationship between serum sodium and biological age. The lowest biological age occurred at 139.3\u202fmmol\/L: each 1\u202fmmol\/L increase below this threshold was associated with a reduction of 0.10\u202fyears in biological age (95% CI: \u22120.15, \u22120.05), whereas values above it showed a 0.08-year increase (95% CI: 0.04, 0.13). For \u2206age, a negative association was observed below 141.2\u202fmmol\/L, with each increase linked to a 0.07-year decrease (95% CI: \u22120.10, \u22120.04). Subgroup analyses revealed significant interactions in diabetic and smoking populations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Maintaining serum sodium levels within an optimal range (138\u2013142\u202fmmol\/L) may help delay biological aging. Hydration management may serve as a modifiable factor for healthy aging, particularly in high-risk groups such as individuals with diabetes or tobacco use.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2025.1589962","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,8]],"date-time":"2025-05-08T00:12:26Z","timestamp":1746663146000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Serum sodium within the normal range and its U-shaped relationship with biological aging in U.S. adults"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Xianxiang","family":"Tong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mengxue","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14010190","article-title":"Nutrition, diet and healthy aging","volume":"14","author":"Giacomello","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"998710","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.998710","article-title":"The promotion of active aging through older adult education in the context of population aging","volume":"10","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.advnut.2024.100199","article-title":"Perspective: promoting healthy aging through nutrition: A research centers collaborative network workshop report. advances","volume":"15","author":"Shea","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1002\/acr2.11114","article-title":"The relation of the chronic disease epidemic to the health care crisis. 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