{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T16:10:46Z","timestamp":1790611846128,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,6]],"date-time":"2025-06-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749168000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007620","name":"Department of Education of Liaoning Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007620","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Nutr."],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study investigates the optimization of microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) to recover ursolic acid (UA) from Hanfu apple pomace using response surface methodology (RSM). The effects of three key variables\u2014extraction time, sample-to-solvent ratio, and ethanol concentration\u2014on UA yield were studied. A Box-Behnken design was employed to model and optimize these variables. The results showed that extraction time had the most significant effect on UA yield, followed by ethanol concentration and sample-to-solvent ratio. The optimal conditions for UA extraction were 118.25 s for extraction time, a 1:30.86 sample-to-solvent ratio, and 82.23% ethanol concentration, with a predicted maximum UA yield of 89.92%. These results were validated with an actual UA yield of 88.87%, confirming the model's predictive reliability. The study highlights the efficiency of MAE for extracting UA, demonstrating its potential as a green extraction method for bioactive compounds from apple pomace. Further purification using XAD-7 resin improved UA purity significantly.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2025.1604863","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,6]],"date-time":"2025-06-06T04:10:14Z","timestamp":1749183014000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Optimizing microwave-assisted extraction of ursolic acid from apple pomace using response surface methodology"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Xiyun","family":"Sun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenjian","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xianjun","family":"Meng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sajad","family":"Shokri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2016.10.029","article-title":"Ursolic acid from apple pomace and traditional plants: a valuable triterpenoid with functional properties","volume":"220","author":"Cargnin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2019.05.014","article-title":"Bioactive and functional compounds in apple pomace from juice and cider manufacturing: potential use in dermal formulations","volume":"90","author":"Barreira","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trends Food Sci Technol."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fochx.2021.100133","article-title":"Recent advances and trends in extraction techniques to recover polyphenols compounds from apple by-products","volume":"12","author":"da Silva","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Chem X."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2017.10.028","article-title":"Recent developments on the extraction and application of ursolic acid","volume":"103","author":"L\u00f3pez-Hortas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rev Food Res Int."},{"key":"B5","author":"Lu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Method for Extracting Ursolic Acid From Gardenia by Using Microwaves"},{"key":"B6","author":"Wu","year":"2011","journal-title":"A New Method for Preparing Ursolic Acid by Using a Microwave-Assisted Rotary Reflux Extraction Device"},{"key":"B7","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"Methods for Extracting Ursolic Acid From Red Jujube"},{"key":"B8","author":"Zhu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Microwave Extraction Process for Ursolic Acid in Discolor Cinquefoil Herb"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2020.116301","article-title":"Microwave-assisted extraction of polysaccharides from the marshmallow roots: optimization, purification, structure, and bioactivity","volume":"240","author":"Hashemifesharaki","year":"2020","journal-title":"Carbohydr Polym."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136452","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2023.136452","article-title":"Optimization of microwave-assisted extraction of phenolic compounds from chestnut processing waste using response surface methodology","volume":"395","author":"Tomasi","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Clean Prod."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfoodeng.2006.10.018","article-title":"Microwave-assisted extraction used for the isolation of total triterpenoid saponins from Ganoderma atrum","volume":"81","author":"Chen","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Food Eng."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2013.02.119","article-title":"Concentration of biologically active compounds extracted from Ilex paraguariensis St Hil by nanofiltration","volume":"141","author":"Murakami","year":"2013","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.3390\/app7020187","article-title":"Subcritical water extraction of ursolic acid from Hedyotis diffusa","volume":"7","author":"Xiao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl Sci."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1255","DOI":"10.1002\/jssc.201200950","article-title":"Microwave-assisted extraction and rapid isolation of ursolic acid from the leaves of E ucalyptus \u00d7 hybrida M aiden and its quantification using HPLC-diode array technique","volume":"36","author":"Verma","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Sep Sci."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2126","DOI":"10.1007\/s11694-020-00459-4","article-title":"Yopi, Perwitasari U. 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