{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]],"date-time":"2026-01-30T02:43:18Z","timestamp":1769740998203,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,13]],"date-time":"2025-08-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755043200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Nutr."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>This cross-sectional study aimed to assess fluid replenishment behaviors, knowledge, and attitudes among Chinese recreational marathon runners and to inform future health education strategies regarding optimal hydration.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>The survey was conducted between January and December 2024. Based on previously validated questionnaires, the instrument was adapted and administered to assess hydration behaviors, knowledge, and attitudes among marathon participants in major road races across China. A total of 461 valid responses were collected, including 357 male participants (38.9\u202f\u00b1\u202f9.3\u202fyears) and 104 female participants (39.5\u202f\u00b1\u202f8.9\u202fyears), representing a range of athletic performance levels. The response rate was 94.9%. Data were analyzed using IBM SPSS 27.0 and Microsoft Excel.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Result<\/jats:title><jats:p>Over 70% of runners (72.5%) failed to meet recommended daily fluid intake standards (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.001). Over half (57.7%) consumed 150\u202fmL of fluid before the race, mainly plain water before (68.1%) and sports drinks during (56.6%) and after (54.0%) the race. Participants primarily obtained hydration knowledge from friends\/family (54.9%) and social media (45.6%). Most participants (93.7%) acknowledged water\u2019s health benefits and were willing (92.2%) to improve hydration habits to enhance athletic performance (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.001 for all). Hydration knowledge varied by gender, age, and training level. Participants better understood pre- and mid-exercise hydration and the concept that thirst indicates existing dehydration. However, only 21.5% knew the recommended daily intake (1500\u20131700\u202fml), 39.9% understood the differences among mineral, spring, and purified water, and 46.8% recognized the need for post-exercise rehydration.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>These findings indicate that over half of recreational marathon runners are at risk of dehydration, highlighting that a lack of knowledge poses a dilemma for some runners who fall into a dehydrated state. This underscores the need for targeted education and awareness programs on scientific hydration knowledge and attitudes among recreational marathon runners to improve their health and athletic performance.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2025.1621966","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,13]],"date-time":"2025-08-13T04:15:45Z","timestamp":1755058545000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Hydration behaviors, knowledge, and attitudes among Chinese recreational marathon runners: a cross-sectional study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Jingyi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xueyuan","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiangxin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Wen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wenqiang","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Menghui","family":"Zou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Junqiang","family":"Qiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","volume-title":"2024 China road running events blue book","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2011.2075","article-title":"Scientific opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to water and maintenance of Normal physical and cognitive functions (id 1102, 1209, 1294, 1331), maintenance of Normal thermoregulation (id 1208) and basic requirement of all living things","volume":"9","year":"2011","journal-title":"EFSA J"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2356","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2019.1633159","article-title":"Normative data for sweating rate, sweat sodium concentration, and sweat sodium loss in athletes: an update and analysis by sport","volume":"37","author":"Barnes","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Sports Sci"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"986","DOI":"10.4085\/1062-6050-50.9.07","article-title":"National Athletic Trainers' association position statement: exertional heat illnesses","volume":"50","author":"Casa","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Athl Train"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11226775","article-title":"Exercise-associated hyponatremia in Marathon runners","volume":"11","author":"Klingert","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-019-01188-5","article-title":"Does Hypohydration really impair endurance performance? 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