{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T15:06:53Z","timestamp":1787843213702,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,17]],"date-time":"2025-09-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758067200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Nutr."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Vitamin D deficiency (VDD) may contribute to venous thromboembolism (VTE) through effects on coagulation and endothelial function, but existing studies show inconsistent results. We investigated the association between VDD and VTE risk using a large matched cohort design.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted a retrospective matched cohort study using the TriNetX database, including patients aged \u226545\u202fyears with serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) measurements between 2010 and 2023. VDD was defined as serum 25(OH)D\u202f&amp;lt;\u202f20\u202fng\/mL, while controls had levels \u226530\u202fng\/mL. After 1:1 propensity score matching, the final cohort comprised 69,845 patients in each group. Primary outcomes were deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE) occurring 3\u201312\u202fmonths after the index date. Secondary outcomes included all-cause mortality and intensive care unit (ICU) admission.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      During one-year follow-up, VDD was significantly associated with increased risk of DVT (Hazard ratio [HR] 1.62, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.37\u20131.92;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f&amp;lt;\u202f0.001) and PE (HR 1.62, 95% CI: 1.34\u20131.96;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f&amp;lt;\u202f0.001) compared to controls. The association persisted over 2 years with modest attenuation (DVT: HR 1.49; PE: HR 1.61). A dose\u2013response relationship was observed, with vitamin D insufficiency (20\u201330\u202fng\/mL) showing intermediate risk levels (DVT: HR 1.36; PE: HR 1.43). VDD was also associated with higher mortality (HR 2.20, 95% CI: 1.99\u20132.43) and ICU admission risks (HR 1.47, 95% CI: 1.33\u20131.62). Subgroup analyses revealed consistent associations across demographic groups, with diabetes mellitus significantly modifying the DVT association.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Vitamin D deficiency is independently associated with increased VTE risk in a dose-dependent manner, with effects extending to mortality and healthcare utilization. These findings support vitamin D optimization for VTE prevention, though randomized trials are needed to establish causality.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2025.1639257","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,17]],"date-time":"2025-09-17T04:19:29Z","timestamp":1758082769000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Association between vitamin D deficiency and risk of venous thromboembolism: a matched cohort study of 139,690 patients"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Kuo-Chuan","family":"Hung","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li-Chen","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chih-Wei","family":"Hsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jheng-Yan","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chia-Hung","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chun-Ning","family":"Ho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ming","family":"Yew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"I-Wen","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1038\/s41569-022-00787-6","article-title":"Epidemiology and prevention of venous thromboembolism","volume":"20","author":"Lutsey","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cardiol"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)32658-1","article-title":"Venous thromboembolism","volume":"398","author":"Khan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.124.320151","article-title":"Global Health burden of venous thromboembolism","volume":"44","author":"Wendelboe","year":"2024","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2015.11.033","article-title":"The economic burden of incident venous thromboembolism in the United States: a review of estimated attributable healthcare costs","volume":"137","author":"Grosse","year":"2016","journal-title":"Thromb Res"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1007\/s11739-024-03550-6","article-title":"Trends in mortality related to venous thromboembolism in the European Union, 2012\u20132020","volume":"19","author":"Zuin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Intern Emerg Med"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17010090","article-title":"Recent updates and advances in the association between vitamin D deficiency and risk of thrombotic disease","volume":"17","author":"Ojaroodi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177684","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2025.177684","article-title":"Vitamin D deficiency enhances platelet activation and thrombosis by regulating VDR\/Akt pathway based on platelet proteomics","volume":"999","author":"Nie","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.3390\/biom9110649","article-title":"Emerging role of vitamin D and its associated molecules in pathways related to pathogenesis of thrombosis","volume":"9","author":"Mohammad","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"755883","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2021.755883","article-title":"The role of vitamin D in the relationship between gender and deep vein thrombosis among stroke patients","volume":"8","author":"Tao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Nutr"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1160\/TH15-02-0148","article-title":"Serum levels of 25(OH)D are not associated with venous thromboembolism in the elderly population. A case-control study","volume":"115","author":"Andro","year":"2016","journal-title":"Thromb Haemost"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci11070849","article-title":"Low vitamin D level is associated with acute deep venous thrombosis in patients with traumatic brain injury","volume":"11","author":"Moore","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Sci"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1160\/TH12-10-0728","article-title":"Serum levels of vitamin D are not associated with future risk of venous thromboembolism. 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Geriatr"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2013.11.004","article-title":"Vitamin D status and seasonal changes in plasma concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D in office workers in Ankara, Turkey","volume":"25","author":"Cinar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur J Intern Med"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2719","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12092719","article-title":"Age, gender and season are good predictors of vitamin D status independent of body mass index in office workers in a subtropical region","volume":"12","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutrients"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Nutrition"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnut.2025.1639257\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,17]],"date-time":"2025-09-17T04:19:29Z","timestamp":1758082769000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnut.2025.1639257\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,17]]},"references-count":33,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fnut.2025.1639257"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnut.2025.1639257","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-861X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-861X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,17]]},"article-number":"1639257"}}