{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T19:38:26Z","timestamp":1780601906629,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,23]],"date-time":"2025-10-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761177600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Nutr."],"abstract":"\n Background<\/jats:title>\n Food-borne allergens in human milk (HM) may cause allergic responses in HM-fed infants, but variability of allergen transfer complicates recommendations for individuals nursing food-allergic infants.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Objective<\/jats:title>\n We aimed to identify bovine- and soy-derived peptides in HM after maternal elimination and reintroduction of bovine milk (BM) and soy beverage (SB).<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n In this randomized, cross-over, dietary intervention trial, 38 lactating participants underwent 2 study phases, each including a 5-day diet elimination, 3-day diet intervention, and 2-day washout. Each diet intervention required daily consumption of increasing amounts of BM or SB (175, 295, and 415\u202fmL). Peptidomics analysis was performed on a subset of HM samples (24 participants) collected after dietary elimination, and 2 and 4\u202fh after BM\/SB consumption (415\u202fmL). Peptides were isolated via ethanol precipitation and C18 solid-phase extraction, analyzed by LC\u2013MS\/MS, and identified with Proteome Discoverer.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n We identified 121 bovine-derived peptides (associated with 6 proteins) in HM collected during the BM phase. From most to least abundant, these proteins were \u03b2-lactoglobulin,\n \u03ba<\/jats:italic>\n -casein,\n \u03b1<\/jats:italic>\n s1-casein, \u03b2-casein, \u03b1-lactalbumin protein variant D, and glycosylation-dependent cell adhesion molecule 1. Generalized linear mixed models demonstrated differences in relative abundance for 14 peptides when comparing before, and 2 and 4\u202fh after BM consumption. We identified 8 peptides of possible soy origin in HM collected during the SB phase, but they were not matched to parent proteins with adequate confidence.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n The relative abundance of some BM-derived peptides, while low overall, may differ in human milk collected after maternal BM dietary elimination compared to 2 and 4\u202fh after BM consumption. Five days of dietary elimination may not be adequate for the elimination of BM-derived peptides or low levels of these non-human peptides may be present in HM from other sources. No confident soy-derived peptides from the SB were identified in HM after consumption.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Clinical trial registration<\/jats:title>\n \n https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT04851340<\/jats:uri>\n , identifier NCT04851340.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2025.1642177","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,23]],"date-time":"2025-10-23T14:05:27Z","timestamp":1761228327000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Detection of bovine milk\u2013, but likely not soy\u2013derived, peptides in human milk after maternal consumption of bovine milk and soy beverage: a randomized, cross-over, dietary intervention trial"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Cassandra L.","family":"Partridge","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Trillitye R.","family":"Paullin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bum Jin","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David C.","family":"Dallas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janet E.","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark A.","family":"McGuire","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harpreet","family":"Kaur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michelle K.","family":"McGuire","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2010.10.007","article-title":"Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of food allergy in the United States: report of the NIAID-sponsored expert panel","volume":"126","author":"Boyce","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11882-016-0614-9","article-title":"Quality of life among food allergic patients and their caregivers","volume":"16","author":"Warren","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr Allergy Asthma Rep"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2019-2461PP","article-title":"The public health impact of parent-reported childhood food allergies in the United 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