{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T18:37:56Z","timestamp":1786646276263,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,12]],"date-time":"2025-08-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754956800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Nutr."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To investigate the effects of the Mediterranean diet (MD) on hepatic metabolism and gut microbiota in mice with metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>C57BL\/6 mice were fed a high-fat diet for 12 weeks to induce MASLD, with normal chow (NC)-fed mice as controls. Post-modeling, MASLD mice were randomized into three groups: HF (continued high-fat diet), HF-NC (switched to normal chow), and HF-MD (switched to MD). After 18-week interventions, body\/liver weights, serum liver enzymes (ALT, AST), hepatic glycolipid markers (glucose, TC, TG, IBIL, DBIL), inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, TNF-\u03b1; ELISA), and histopathology (H&amp;amp;E and Oil Red O staining) were analyzed. Gut microbiota (metagenomic sequencing) and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs; targeted metabolomics) were profiled.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>High-fat diet induced MASLD features including obesity, increased abdominal fat mass, hepatic steatosis with lipid droplets, and inflammation. Both HF-NC and HF-MD groups exhibited reduced body weight, liver index, hepatic cytokines, serum enzymes, and improved glucolipid profiles vs. HF group (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.05), with histopathology confirming attenuated steatosis. HF-MD outperformed HF-NC in lowering ALT, AST, IL-6, and TNF-\u03b1 (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.05). MASLD mice showed gut dysbiosis characterized by decreased diversity, elevated <jats:italic>Alistipes, Helicobacter, Mucispirillum<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>Chlamydia<\/jats:italic>, reduced SCFAs, and increased branched-chain fatty acids (BCFAs) (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.05). Both dietary interventions partially ameliorated gut dysbiosis in MASLD mice, with the HF-MD group uniquely enriching beneficial taxa including <jats:italic>Prevotella, Muribaculum, Duncaniella<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>Barnesiella<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>MD alleviates MASLD progression by synergistically improving hepatic metabolic homeostasis and gut microbiota composition, demonstrating superior efficacy over NC in mitigating inflammation, enriching beneficial microbes, and regulating microbial metabolism. These findings highlight MD's potential as a targeted dietary intervention for MASLD.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2025.1644014","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,12]],"date-time":"2025-08-12T05:31:30Z","timestamp":1754976690000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Multi-omics integration reveals the impact of mediterranean diet on hepatic metabolism and gut microbiota in mice with metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Zixuan","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ge","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xutong","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jia","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lingling","family":"Kong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shunshun","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tingting","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meijiao","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hong","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2024.04.031","volume":"81","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Hepatol."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1542","DOI":"10.1097\/HEP.0000000000000696","article-title":"A multisociety Delphi consensus statement on new fatty liver disease nomenclature","volume":"79","author":"Rinella","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Hepatol."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2024.01.014","article-title":"Clinical profiles and mortality rates are similar for metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"80","author":"Younossi","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Hepatol."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S32","DOI":"10.3350\/cmh.2024.0431","article-title":"Epidemiology of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease","volume":"31","author":"Younossi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin Mol Hepatol"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.1006-1959.2022.01.001","article-title":"Metabolic associated fatty liver disease and metabolic syndrome research","volume":"35","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Med Inf."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.31518","article-title":"Multiple parallel hits hypothesis in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: revisited after a decade","volume":"73","author":"Tilg","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hepatology."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23020662","article-title":"The intestinal barrier and its dysfunction in patients with metabolic diseases and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"23","author":"Forlano","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1700","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2022.09.017","article-title":"Gut-liver axis: pathophysiological concepts and clinical implications","volume":"34","author":"Tilg","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-020-0269-9","article-title":"Gut microbiota and human NAFLD: disentangling microbial signatures from metabolic disorders","volume":"17","author":"Aron-Wisnewsky","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1007\/s11739-023-03374-w","article-title":"Gut microbiota, intestinal permeability, and systemic inflammation: a narrative review","volume":"19","author":"Di Vincenzo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Intern Emerg Med."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.21037\/hbsn.2019.11.13","article-title":"Mediterranean diet as the ideal model for preventing non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)","volume":"9","author":"Mart\u00ednez-Gonz\u00e1lez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hepatobiliary Surg Nutr."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8698","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2022.2057416","article-title":"Effects of a mediterranean diet on the gut microbiota and microbial metabolites: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials and observational studies","volume":"63","author":"Kimble","year":"2023","journal-title":"Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"i884","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/bty560","article-title":"fastp: an ultra-fast all-in-one FASTQ preprocessor","volume":"34","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bioinformatics."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1674","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btv033","article-title":"MEGAHIT: an ultra-fast single-node solution for large and complex metagenomics assembly via succinct de Bruijn graph","volume":"31","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Bioinformatics."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2836(05)80360-2","article-title":"Basic local alignment search tool","volume":"215","author":"Altschul","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Mol Biol."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.15252\/msb.20145645","article-title":"Potential of fecal microbiota for early-stage detection of colorectal cancer","volume":"10","author":"Zeller","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol Syst Biol."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1951","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13061951","article-title":"Mediterranean diet as an antioxidant: the impact on metabolic health and overall wellbeing","volume":"13","author":"Gantenbein","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13010015","article-title":"Calorie-restricted mediterranean and low-fat diets affect fatty acid status in individuals with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"13","author":"Ristic-Medic","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1807","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2023.08.011","article-title":"DASH vs. mediterranean diet on a salt restriction background in adults with high normal blood pressure or grade 1 hypertension: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"42","author":"Filippou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Nutr"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1269","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17071269","article-title":"Ketogenic diet in steatotic liver disease: a metabolic approach to hepatic health","volume":"17","author":"Emanuele","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"920","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.16092","article-title":"Intermittent fasting for weight management and metabolic health: an updated comprehensive umbrella review of health outcomes","volume":"27","author":"Hua","year":"2025","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes Metab."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"loae009","DOI":"10.1093\/lifemeta\/loae009","article-title":"Alternate day fasting aggravates atherosclerosis through the suppression of hepatic ATF3 in Apoe(-\/-) mice","volume":"3","author":"Deng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Life Metab"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e026484","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.122.026484","article-title":"Association of eating and sleeping intervals with weight change over time: the Daily24 cohort","volume":"12","author":"Zhao","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114525000017","article-title":"Effects of plant-based diet on metabolic parameters, liver and kidney steatosis: a prospective interventional open-label study","volume":"133","author":"Guler Senturk","year":"2025","journal-title":"Br J Nutr."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1007\/s13668-024-00594-0","article-title":"Can we maintain muscle mass on a plant-based diet?","volume":"14","author":"Pandey","year":"2025","journal-title":"Curr Nutr Rep."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nutres.2025.03.005","article-title":"Adherence to the dietary approaches to stop hypertension diet was associated with the risk of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies","volume":"137","author":"Momeni","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nutr Res."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.13193\/j.issn.1673-7717.2024.01.029","article-title":"Research advances in animal models and disease phenotypes of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"42","author":"Song","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chin Arch Trad Chin Med"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1164512","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2023.1164512","article-title":"Vitamin D3 alleviates nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in rats by inhibiting hepatic oxidative stress and inflammation via the SREBP-1-c\/PPAR\u03b1-NF-\u03baB\/IR-S2 signaling pathway","volume":"14","author":"Reda","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1186\/s12902-022-00980-1","article-title":"Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD): a review of pathophysiology, clinical management and effects of weight loss","volume":"22","author":"Pouwels","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Endocr Disord."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-024-02284-1","article-title":"Combined associations of visceral adipose tissue and adherence to a Mediterranean lifestyle with T2D and diabetic microvascular complications among individuals with prediabetes","volume":"23","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1266","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2015.10.003","article-title":"Adherence to the Mediterranean diet is inversely associated with visceral abdominal tissue in Caucasian subjects","volume":"34","author":"Bertoli","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Nutr."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2020.03.003","article-title":"Effects of the Mediterranean diet on cardiovascular risk factors in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"37","author":"Asbaghi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Nutr ESPEN."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12020499","article-title":"Impact of the co-administration of N-3 fatty acids and olive oil components in preclinical nonalcoholic fatty liver disease models: a mechanistic view","volume":"12","author":"Valenzuela","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4942","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202403.0461.v1","article-title":"The mediterranean diet, its microbiome connections, and cardiovascular health: a narrative review","volume":"25","author":"Abrignani","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111816","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2021.111816","article-title":"Olive polyphenols attenuate TNF-\u03b1-stimulated M-CSF and IL-6 synthesis in osteoblasts: suppression of Akt and p44\/p42 MAP kinase signaling pathways","volume":"141","author":"Hioki","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomed Pharmacother."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox9020149","article-title":"Potential protective role exerted by secoiridoids from Olea europaea L. in cancer, cardiovascular, neurodegenerative, aging-related, and immunoinflammatory diseases","volume":"9","author":"Castej\u00f3n","year":"2020","journal-title":"Antioxidants"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1900942","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.201900942","article-title":"Mitochondrial dysfunction is a key pathway that links saturated fat intake to the development and progression of NAFLD","volume":"65","author":"Meex","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol Nutr Food Res."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70073","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.70073","article-title":"Resveratrol relieves hepatic steatosis and enhances the effects of atorvastatin in a mouse model of NAFLD by regulating the renin-angiotensin system, oxidative stress, and inflammation","volume":"13","author":"Babaeenezhad","year":"2025","journal-title":"Food Sci Nutr."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2442351","DOI":"10.1080\/10495398.2024.2442351","article-title":"Quercetin alleviates metabolic-associated fatty liver disease by tuning hepatic lipid metabolism, oxidative stress and inflammation","volume":"36","author":"Jiang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Anim Biotechnol."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2022.155136","article-title":"The effect of dietary patterns on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease diagnosed by biopsy or magnetic resonance in adults: a systematic review of randomised controlled trials","volume":"129","author":"Angelidi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Metabolism."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2543","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11102543","article-title":"The metabolic and hepatic impact of two personalized dietary strategies in subjects with obesity and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: the fatty liver in obesity (FLiO) randomized controlled trial","volume":"11","author":"Marin-Alejandre","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2020.07.007","article-title":"Microbiota and fatty liver disease-the known, the unknown, and the future","volume":"28","author":"Lang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1773","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26041773","article-title":"Microbiota and inflammatory markers: a review of their interplay, clinical implications, and metabolic disorders","volume":"26","author":"Pe\u00f1a-Dur\u00e1n","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101777","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aohep.2025.101777","article-title":"From gut to liver: exploring the crosstalk between gut-liver axis and oxidative stress in metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease","volume":"30","author":"Zhou","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ann Hepatol."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1366744","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2024.1366744","article-title":"From gut to liver: unveiling the differences of intestinal microbiota in NAFL and NASH patients","volume":"15","author":"Huang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Microbiol."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.3390\/cells14060463","article-title":"Impact of a high-fat diet on the gut microbiome: a comprehensive study of microbial and metabolite shifts during obesity","volume":"14","author":"Mamun","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/gigascience\/gix058","article-title":"Connections between the human gut microbiome and gestational diabetes mellitus","volume":"6","author":"Kuang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gigascience."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3166","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.03166","article-title":"Disorganized gut microbiome contributed to liver cirrhosis progression: a meta-omics-based study","volume":"9","author":"Shao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Microbiol."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E1306","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1518189113","article-title":"Probiotics modulated gut microbiota suppresses hepatocellular carcinoma growth in mice","volume":"113","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0160724","DOI":"10.1128\/msystems.01607-24","article-title":"Gut commensal Alistipes shahii improves experimental colitis in mice with reduced intestinal epithelial damage and cytokine secretion","volume":"10","author":"Lin","year":"2025","journal-title":"mSystems."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2645","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18122645","article-title":"Impact of omega-3 fatty acids on the gut microbiota","volume":"18","author":"Costantini","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox10050708","article-title":"Diet-derived antioxidants and their role in inflammation, obesity and gut microbiota modulation","volume":"10","author":"Deledda","year":"2021","journal-title":"Antioxidants"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13020699","article-title":"Nutritional components in western diet versus mediterranean diet at the gut microbiota-immune system interplay. implications for health and disease","volume":"13","author":"Garc\u00eda-Montero","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2024.109174","article-title":"NAD metabolic therapy in metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease: possible roles of gut microbiota","volume":"27","author":"Lu","year":"2024","journal-title":"iScience."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2183","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25042183","article-title":"Microbial dysbiosis linked to metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease in Asians: prevotella copri promotes lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis and network instability in the prevotella enterotype","volume":"25","author":"Yuan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13010007","article-title":"Influence of mediterranean diet on human gut microbiota","volume":"13","author":"Merra","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7379","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25137379","article-title":"The role of short chain fatty acids in inflammation and body health","volume":"25","author":"Du","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1038\/s41522-023-00451-y","article-title":"Inulin-enriched Megamonas funiformis ameliorates metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease by producing propionic acid","volume":"9","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8277","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.4c07966","article-title":"Butyrate regulates intestinal DNA Virome and lipopolysaccharide levels to prevent high-fat diet-related liver damage in rats","volume":"73","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Agric Food Chem."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-019-0156-z","article-title":"Gut microbial metabolites in obesity, NAFLD and T2DM","volume":"15","author":"Canfora","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Rev Endocrinol."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1070","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-018-0061-3","article-title":"Molecular phenomics and metagenomics of hepatic steatosis in non-diabetic obese women","volume":"24","author":"Hoyles","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Med."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.201100542","article-title":"Relevance of protein fermentation to gut health","volume":"56","author":"Windey","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol Nutr Food Res."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1787","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2012-303816","article-title":"Intestinal microbiota determines development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in mice","volume":"62","author":"Le Roy","year":"2013","journal-title":"Gut."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Nutrition"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnut.2025.1644014\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,12]],"date-time":"2025-08-12T05:31:32Z","timestamp":1754976692000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnut.2025.1644014\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,12]]},"references-count":63,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fnut.2025.1644014"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnut.2025.1644014","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-861X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-861X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,12]]},"article-number":"1644014"}}