{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T21:31:36Z","timestamp":1792618296087,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759968000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Nutr."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) poses a significant global health challenge. Propolis, a natural bioactive compound, is proposed to modulate glucose and lipid metabolism and exert anti-inflammatory effects. However, previous reviews have limited scope, and the effects of propolis on T2DM remain debated, particularly concerning lipid profiles, glycemic control, inflammation, and oxidative stress.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A systematic search was conducted across Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), VIP, SinoMed, Wanfang Data, PubMed, Cochrane Library, Embase, Scopus, and Web of Science, with the search time limit set from the establishment of the databases to 20 May 2025. Study quality was assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias Assessment Tool version 2 (ROB 2); evidence quality was evaluated via the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) approach; and meta-analysis was performed using RevMan 5.4.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>In total, 12 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) with 731 participants were included in this study. Propolis supplementation significantly increased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels (mean difference (MD)\u202f=\u202f0.13, 95% CI 0.10\u20130.16, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u202f&amp;lt;\u202f0.00001), and reduced low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) (MD\u202f=\u202f\u22120.32, 95% CI: \u22120.56 to \u22120.08; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u202f=\u202f0.009) and triglyceride (TG) levels (MD\u202f=\u202f\u22120.15, 95% CI: \u22120.30 to \u22120.01; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u202f=\u202f0.04). It also improved glycemic control, lowering fasting blood sugar (FBS) (MD\u202f=\u202f\u22121.13, 95% CI: \u22122.00 to \u22120.27, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u202f=\u202f0.01), homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) (MD\u202f=\u202f\u22120.95, 95% CI: \u22121.36 to \u22120.55, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u202f&amp;lt;\u202f0.00001), and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) (MD\u202f=\u202f\u22120.44, 95% CI: \u22120.78 to \u22120.11, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u202f=\u202f0.01). Furthermore, propolis significantly reduced C-reactive protein (CRP) (MD\u202f=\u202f\u22122.68, 95% CI: \u22123.48 to \u22121.89, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u202f&amp;lt;\u202f0.00001). However, no significant effects were observed for total cholesterol (TC), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-<jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic>), interleukin-6 (IL-6), superoxide dismutase (SOD), or malondialdehyde (MDA).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Propolis may improve lipid and glucose profiles and reduce inflammation in T2DM. While current evidence does not confirm significant effects on oxidative stress markers, considering the limitations of existing clinical studies and positive basic research findings, its potential antioxidant effects require validation through high-quality RCTs.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Systematic review resistration<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study was registered with PROSPERO (registration number: CRD42024577722) <jats:uri>https:\/\/www.crd.york.ac.uk\/PROSPERO\/#loginpage<\/jats:uri>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2025.1653730","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T04:22:39Z","timestamp":1759983759000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Propolis effects on blood sugar and lipid metabolism, inflammatory indicators, and oxidative stress in people with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Yihua","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuo","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenjing","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiumei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Lv","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qingmei","family":"Niu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qian","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-022-01516-6","article-title":"Cardiovascular disease in type 2 diabetes mellitus: progress toward personalized management","volume":"21","author":"Ma","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"910","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.p910","article-title":"Rise in type 2 diabetes shows that prevention is more important than ever","volume":"381","author":"Valabhji","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref3","volume-title":"Diabetes and kidney disease","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref4","volume-title":"Diabetes[EB\/OL]\/\/Diabetes","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2011.12.027","article-title":"Hypoglycemia is associated with increased worry and lower quality of life among patients with type 2 diabetes treated with oral antihyperglycemic agents in the Asia-Pacific region","volume":"96","author":"Sheu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1370\/afm.3129","article-title":"Long-term sulfonylurea use and impaired awareness of hypoglycemia among patients with type 2 diabetes in Taiwan","volume":"22","author":"Cheng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ann Fam Med"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.15663","article-title":"Metformin: therapeutic profile in the treatment of type 2 diabetes","volume":"26","author":"Bailey","year":"2024","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes Metab"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2019.00045","article-title":"Diabetes and aging: from treatment goals to pharmacologic therapy","volume":"10","author":"Longo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(18)30315-2","article-title":"Hypoglycaemia, cardiovascular disease, and mortality in diabetes: epidemiology, pathogenesis, and management","volume":"7","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4177","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16234177","article-title":"Curcumin attenuates hyperglycemia and inflammation in type 2 diabetes mellitus: quantitative analysis of randomized controlled trial","volume":"16","author":"Mokgalaboni","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1132650","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2023.1132650","article-title":"Okra ameliorates hyperglycaemia in pre-diabetic and type 2 diabetic patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis of the clinical evidence","volume":"14","author":"Mokgalaboni","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref12","first-page":"30","article-title":"Propolis is safe for consumption as both food and medicine","volume":"24","author":"Han","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Bee"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2024.131219","article-title":"Propolis in the management of cardiovascular disease","volume":"266","author":"Chavda","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Biol Macromol"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1290","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18061290","article-title":"Propolis diterpenes as a remarkable bio-source for drug discovery development: a review","volume":"18","author":"Aminimoghadamfarouj","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-9422(89)80133-5","article-title":"Isopentenyl cinnamates from poplar buds and propolis","volume":"28","author":"Bankova","year":"1989","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2010.10.032","article-title":"Propolis: is there a potential for the development of new drugs?","volume":"133","author":"Sforcin","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Ethnopharmacol"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"894","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.5605","article-title":"Biological properties and therapeutic applications of propolis","volume":"30","author":"Sforcin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Phytothe Res"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19610","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules191219610","article-title":"Recent advances in the chemical composition of propolis","volume":"19","author":"Huang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13010078","article-title":"Biomedical properties of propolis on diverse chronic diseases and its potential applications and health benefits","volume":"13","author":"Rivera-Ya\u00f1ez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3028","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.13076","article-title":"Brazilian green propolis improves gut microbiota dysbiosis and protects against sarcopenic obesity","volume":"13","author":"Okamura","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115926","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2022.115926","article-title":"The benefits of propolis in periodontal therapy. A scoping review of preclinical and clinical studies","volume":"303","author":"Luque-Bracho","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Ethnopharmacol"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1259510","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/1259510","article-title":"Honey, propolis, and royal jelly: a comprehensive review of their biological actions and health benefits","volume":"2017","author":"Pasupuleti","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oxidative Med Cell Longev"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.4314\/ajtcam.v7i4.56693","article-title":"The potential role of honey and its polyphenols in preventing heart diseases: a review","volume":"7","author":"Khalil","year":"2010","journal-title":"Afr J Tradit Complement Altern Med"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1753","DOI":"10.2174\/1568026623666230321120631","article-title":"Propolis: antineoplastic activity, constituents, and mechanisms of action","volume":"23","author":"Ruiz-Bustos","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr Top Med Chem"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1007\/s40200-020-00696-w","article-title":"Effects of propolis supplementation on glycemic status, lipid profiles, inflammation and oxidative stress, liver enzymes, and body weight: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials","volume":"20","author":"Hallajzadeh","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Diabetes Metab Disord"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102380","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctim.2020.102380","article-title":"Effect of propolis intake on serum C-reactive protein (CRP) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-\u03b1) levels in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials","volume":"50","author":"Jalali","year":"2020","journal-title":"Complement Ther Med"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3712","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.7899","article-title":"The effect of propolis supplementation in improving antioxidant status: a systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled clinical trials","volume":"37","author":"Nazari-Bonab","year":"2023","journal-title":"Phytother Res"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1616","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.6356","article-title":"The efficacy of propolis on markers of glycemic control in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"33","author":"Karimian","year":"2019","journal-title":"Phytothe Res"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2004.06.011","article-title":"Effects of propolis on blood glucose, blood lipid and free radicals in rats with diabetes mellitus","volume":"51","author":"Fuliang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pharmacol Res"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.5603\/DK.a2022.0033","article-title":"Changes in lipid profile, liver enzymes and inflammatory factors following oral supplementation with propolis in patients with type 2 diabetes","volume":"11","author":"Afsharpour","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Diabetol"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/S2095-4964(17)60315-7","article-title":"Effects of bee propolis supplementation on glycemic control, lipid profile and insulin resistance indices in patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomized, double-blind clinical trial","volume":"15","author":"Samadi","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Integr Med"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1186\/s12576-023-00872-6","article-title":"Cumulative effects of exercise training and consumption of propolis on managing diabetic dyslipidemia in adult women: a single-blind, randomized, controlled trial with pre-post-intervention assessments","volume":"73","author":"Moayedi","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Physiol Sci"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.3892\/br.2015.436","article-title":"Effect of Brazilian green propolis in patients with type 2 diabetes: a double-blind randomized placebo-controlled study","volume":"3","author":"Fukuda","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biomed Rep"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7289","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-43838-8","article-title":"The effect of Iranian propolis on glucose metabolism, lipid profile, insulin resistance, renal function and inflammatory biomarkers in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a randomized double-blind clinical trial","volume":"9","author":"Zakerkish","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctim.2019.03.001","article-title":"Propolis supplementation improves glycemic and antioxidant status in patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study","volume":"43","author":"Afsharpour","year":"2019","journal-title":"Complement Ther Med"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1007\/s13300-017-0341-9","article-title":"Serum antioxidant parameters are significantly increased in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus after consumption of Chinese propolis: a randomized controlled trial based on fasting serum glucose level","volume":"9","author":"Gao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabetes Ther"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph13050498","article-title":"Brazilian green Propolis improves antioxidant function in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"13","author":"Zhao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.22088\/cjim.10.1.48","article-title":"Administration of Iranian Propolis attenuates oxidative stress and blood glucose in type II diabetic patients: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, clinical trial","volume":"10","author":"Hesami","year":"2019","journal-title":"Casp J Intern Med"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"n71","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"372","author":"Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1007\/s00508-022-02122-y","article-title":"Diabetes mellitus: definition, classification, diagnosis, screening and prevention (update 2023)","volume":"135","author":"Harreiter","year":"2023","journal-title":"Wien Klin Wochenschr"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1418","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2016.150694","article-title":"Propolis improves periodontal status and glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and chronic periodontitis: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"87","author":"El-Sharkawy","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Periodontol"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1024\/0300-9831\/a000760","article-title":"Anti-hyperglycemic effects of propolis or metformin in type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"93","author":"Ochoa-Morales","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Vitam Nutr Res"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.5603\/cd.96910","article-title":"Reducing the inflammatory interleukins with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of Propolis in patients with type 2 diabetes: double-blind, randomized controlled, clinical trial","volume":"12","author":"Yousefi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Diabetol"},{"key":"ref44","first-page":"264","article-title":"Effects of propolis supplementation on efficacy, inflammatory factors and immune function in type 2 diabetes patients with pulmonary infection","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Transl Med"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1835","DOI":"10.1007\/s40200-020-00604-2","article-title":"The effect of propolis on anthropometric indices and lipid profile: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"19","author":"Salehi-Sahlabadi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Diabetes Metab Disord"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.22038\/AJP.2021.18046","article-title":"The effects of propolis supplementation on metabolic parameters: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials","volume":"11","author":"Gheflati","year":"2021","journal-title":"Avicenna J Phytomed"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162750","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/162750","article-title":"Chemistry and biological activities of flavonoids: an overview","volume":"2013","author":"Kumar","year":"2013","journal-title":"TheScientificWorldJournal"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1007\/s11745-011-3568-7","article-title":"Ethanolic extract of propolis promotes reverse cholesterol transport and the expression of ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 and G1 in mice","volume":"46","author":"Yu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lipids"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2011.02.012","article-title":"Anti-atherogenic and anti-angiogenic activities of polyphenols from propolis","volume":"23","author":"Daleprane","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Nutr Biochem"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10040503","article-title":"Taiwanese green propolis ethanol extract delays the progression of type 2 diabetes mellitus in rats treated with streptozotocin\/high-fat diet","volume":"10","author":"Lh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7615830","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/7615830","article-title":"Phenolic compounds of propolis alleviate lipid metabolism disorder","volume":"2021","author":"Kong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Evid Based Complementary Altern Med"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2025: 4744194","DOI":"10.1155\/jdr\/4744194","article-title":"HbA1c and the risk of lower limb ulcers among diabetic patients: an observational and genetics study","author":"Guo","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Diabetes Res"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1186\/s12886-025-04079-8","article-title":"Inverted U-shaped relationship between HbA1c and diabetic retinopathy in diabetic patients: a cross-sectional study","volume":"25","author":"Ling","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMC Ophthalmol"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1002\/biof.1085","article-title":"Propolis extract promotes translocation of glucose transporter 4 and glucose uptake through both PI3K- and AMPK-dependent pathways in skeletal muscle","volume":"39","author":"Ueda","year":"2013","journal-title":"BioFactors"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4272940","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/4272940","article-title":"The role of propolis in oxidative stress and lipid metabolism: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"2017","author":"Mujica","year":"2017","journal-title":"Evid Based Complement Alternat Med"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.13300\/j.cnki.hnlkxb.2018.03.014","article-title":"Flavonoid components in propolis and poplar resin and their inhibitory activity on \u03b1-glucosidase","volume":"37","author":"Wei","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Huazhong Agric Univ"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.13304\/j.nykjdb.2017.0020","article-title":"Improvement effects of four flavonoids from propolis on insulin resistance in HepG2 cells","volume":"19","author":"Liang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Agric Sci Technol"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1623","DOI":"10.13863\/j.issn1001-4454.2014.09.030","article-title":"Hypoglycemic mechanism of total flavonoids from propolis in STZ-induced diabetic rats","volume":"37","author":"Yang","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Chin Med Mater"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7971842","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/7971842","article-title":"Galangin and pinocembrin from Propolis ameliorate insulin resistance in HepG2 cells via regulating Akt\/mTOR signaling","volume":"2018","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Evid Based Complement Alternat Med"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1694","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jksus.2020.01.003","article-title":"Effect of propolis supplementation on C-reactive protein levels and other inflammatory factors: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"32","author":"Shang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J King Saud Univ Sci"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1186\/s41043-024-00600-9","article-title":"Propolis supplementation can reduce serum level of interleukin-6, C-reactive protein, and tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1: an updated systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis on randomized clinical trials","volume":"43","author":"Gholami","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Health Popul Nutr"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2368","DOI":"10.1039\/c9fo02051a","article-title":"A comparative study between Chinese propolis and Brazilian green propolis: metabolite profile and bioactivity","volume":"11","author":"Yuan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Funct"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2017.11.023","article-title":"Cardioprotection of CAPE-oNO2 against myocardial ischemia\/reperfusion induced ROS generation via regulating the SIRT1\/eNOS\/NF-\u03baB pathway in vivo and in vitro","volume":"15","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Redox Biol"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1016\/s0952-3278(96)90129-5","article-title":"The effect of propolis and its components on eicosanoid production during the inflammatory response","volume":"55","author":"Mirzoeva","year":"1996","journal-title":"Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1871","DOI":"10.1126\/science.294.5548.1871","article-title":"Prostaglandins and leukotrienes: advances in eicosanoid biology","volume":"294","author":"Funk","year":"2001","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1941","DOI":"10.1248\/bpb.b12-00317","article-title":"Caffeic acid phenethyl ester suppresses the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in hypertrophic adipocytes through lipopolysaccharide-stimulated macrophages","volume":"35","author":"Juman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biol Pharm Bull"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1542184","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2025.1542184","article-title":"Propolis supplementation on inflammatory and oxidative stress biomarkers in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"12","author":"Bahari","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Nutr"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9589","DOI":"10.1021\/jf302451c","article-title":"Malondialdehyde measurement in oxidized foods: evaluation of the spectrophotometric thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) test in various foods","volume":"60","author":"Papastergiadis","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Agric Food Chem"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1096","DOI":"10.1089\/jmf.2017.0151","article-title":"Propolis protects endotoxin induced acute lung and liver inflammation through attenuating inflammatory responses and oxidative stress","volume":"21","author":"Yangi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Med Food"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2010.06.016","article-title":"Caffeic acid phenethyl ester-mediated Nrf2 activation and IkappaB kinase inhibition are involved in NFkappaB inhibitory effect: structural analysis for NFkappaB inhibition","volume":"643","author":"Lee","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.0000258868.80079.4d","article-title":"Nrf2 gene transfer induces antioxidant enzymes and suppresses smooth muscle cell growth in vitro and reduces oxidative stress in rabbit aorta in vivo","volume":"27","author":"Levonen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9090","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.93.17.9090","article-title":"Caffeic acid phenethyl ester is a potent and specific inhibitor of activation of nuclear transcription factor NF-kappa B","volume":"93","author":"Natarajan","year":"1996","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-018-2215-8","article-title":"Bioactive components and mechanisms of Chinese poplar propolis alleviates oxidized low-density lipoprotein-induced endothelial cells injury","volume":"18","author":"Chang","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Complement Altern Med"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.6821","article-title":"Diabetes and plant-derived natural products: from ethnopharmacological approaches to their potential for modern drug discovery and development","volume":"35","author":"Jugran","year":"2021","journal-title":"Phytother Res"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.12102\/j.issn.1009-6493.2023.04.001","article-title":"Theoretical model of non-nutrient diet therapy for prevention and treatment of chronic diseases","volume":"37","author":"Han","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chin Nurs Res"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140827","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2024.140827","article-title":"Antioxidant activity of Zuccagnia-type propolis: a combined approach based on LC-HRMS analysis of bioanalytical-guided fractions and computational investigation","volume":"461","author":"Solorzano","year":"2024","journal-title":"Food Chem"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1598","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16111598","article-title":"Propolis alleviates acute lung injury induced by heat-inactivated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus via regulating inflammatory mediators, gut microbiota and serum metabolites","volume":"16","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4329","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15204329","article-title":"Integration with transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses reveals the in vitro cytotoxic mechanisms of Chinese poplar propolis by triggering the glucose metabolism in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells","volume":"15","author":"Guo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1002\/med.21866","article-title":"The antiviral and immunomodulatory activities of propolis: an update and future perspectives for respiratory diseases","volume":"42","author":"Magnavacca","year":"2022","journal-title":"Med Res Rev"},{"key":"ref80","first-page":"47","article-title":"Attention to propolis allergy","volume":"34","author":"Jian","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Bee"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrestox.2c00386","article-title":"Investigation into propolis components responsible for inducing skin allergy: air oxidation of caffeic acid and its esters contribute to hapten formation","volume":"36","author":"Ndreu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chem Res Toxicol"},{"key":"ref82","first-page":"62","article-title":"Bioconversion technology for reducing allergens in propolis","volume":"67","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"China Beekeeping"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-024-02207-0","article-title":"Contributions of elevated CRP, hyperglycaemia, and type 2 diabetes to cardiovascular risk in the general population: observational and Mendelian randomization studies","volume":"23","author":"Rolver","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1080\/14786419.2014.949705","article-title":"Phenolic composition and antioxidant activity of propolis from various regions of Poland","volume":"29","author":"Socha","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Prod Res"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"ED000142","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.ED000142","article-title":"Updated guidance for trusted systematic reviews: a new edition of the Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions","volume":"10","author":"Cumpston","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Nutrition"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnut.2025.1653730\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T04:22:45Z","timestamp":1759983765000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnut.2025.1653730\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]]},"references-count":85,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fnut.2025.1653730"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnut.2025.1653730","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-861X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-861X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]]},"article-number":"1653730"}}