{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,6]],"date-time":"2025-10-06T14:42:41Z","timestamp":1759761761726,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,6]],"date-time":"2025-10-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759708800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Nutr."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune disorder characterized by neuroinflammation and demyelination. Although diet may influence MS risk, evidence regarding carbohydrate intake remains unclear.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We examined this association in a prospective cohort of 210,483 participants from the UK Biobank. Dietary carbohydrates were assessed using repeated 24-hour recalls. The diagnosis of MS cases was based on hospital inpatient records coded with the International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision (ICD-10) code G35. The association between carbohydrate intake and MS risk was analyzed using Cox proportional hazards models.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Over a median follow-up of 13.25 years, 495 incident MS cases were identified. A per interquartile range (IQR) increase in intake of total carbohydrates (HR = 1.21, 95% CI: 1.05\u20131.40), total sugars (HR = 1.23, 95% CI: 1.10\u20131.38), fiber (HR = 1.20, 95% CI: 1.08\u20131.33), fructose (HR = 1.25, 95% CI: 1.12\u20131.39), and glucose (HR = 1.20, 95% CI: 1.08\u20131.34) was associated with an increased risk of MS (all false discovery rate [FDR]-<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.05). Restricted cubic spline analyses showed linear dose\u2013response relationships between these five carbohydrate types and MS risk (all <jats:italic>P<jats:sub>nonlinear<\/jats:sub><\/jats:italic> &amp;gt; 0.05). In addition, the associations between these carbohydrates and MS risk exhibited variations across different age and sex subgroups.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our findings indicate that higher carbohydrate intake is associated with an increased risk of MS. Further studies are warranted to elucidate the underlying mechanisms.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2025.1654538","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,6]],"date-time":"2025-10-06T14:07:23Z","timestamp":1759759643000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Association between dietary carbohydrate intake and multiple sclerosis risk: a large-scale cohort 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