{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T16:43:14Z","timestamp":1789663394126,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":94,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,16]],"date-time":"2025-12-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765843200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Nutr."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study investigated the dose-dependent effects of evening caffeine ingestion on rowing performance, sleep quality, and daytime sleepiness in trained male rowers.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Using a double-blind, randomized, crossover design, 13 university-level rowers (mean age = 22.07 \u00b1 2.21 years; mean body mass = 77.66 \u00b1 6.45 kg) completed four 2,000 m time\u2013trial sessions between 19:00 and 20:00 h under placebo (PLA), low-dose capsule caffeine (3 mg\/kg, LDC), moderate-dose capsule caffeine (6 mg\/kg, MDC), and high-dose capsule caffeine (9 mg\/kg, HDC) conditions. Performance metrics, heart rate, and subjective sleep assessments were collected. Rowing performance was assessed by a standard 2,000 m rowing ergometer (Concept II, United States) time trial. Sleep quality was measured with a numerical rating scale in the morning after each trial, and daytime sleepiness was measured with the Karolinska Sleepiness Scale.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Results indicated significantly improved rowing times and power output with HDC and MDC compared to PLA (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &amp;lt; 0.05), with HDC yielding the most notable enhancements (\n                      <jats:italic>d<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.40\u20130.41). However, these ergogenic benefits were accompanied by significantly impaired sleep quality and elevated daytime sleepiness in both HDC and MDC groups (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &amp;lt; 0.01;\n                      <jats:italic>d<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 1.3\u20131.5). Notably, adverse effects such as headache, insomnia, and gastrointestinal discomfort were predominantly reported in the HDC condition (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &amp;lt; 0.05). Although LDC offered mild performance improvements with minimal sleep disruption, only the high dose condition exhibited large physiological and perceptual trade-offs.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These findings indicate a clear dose\u2013response relationship, wherein higher evening caffeine intake improves performance but has detrimental effects on sleep and recovery markers. Coaches and athletes should carefully balance caffeine dosing against potential recovery costs, especially in evening training or competition contexts.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2025.1659220","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,16]],"date-time":"2025-12-16T05:17:11Z","timestamp":1765862231000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Varying doses of evening caffeine ingestion have different effects on rowing ergometer performance, sleep quality, and wakefulness scores"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Izzet","family":"Karakulak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ula\u015f Can","family":"Yildirim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dilara","family":"Erkan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raci","family":"Karayigit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ender","family":"Eyuboglu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Azize Bingol","family":"Diedhiou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mehmet Can","family":"Gundem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Selin Yildirim","family":"Tuncer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Halit","family":"Sar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gokmen","family":"Ozen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"F\u0131rat","family":"Akca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1123\/ijsnem.2019-0092","article-title":"Is coffee a useful source of caffeine preexercise?","volume":"30","author":"Pickering","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1139\/h11-052","article-title":"Prevalence of caffeine use in elite athletes following its removal from the world anti-doping agency list of banned substances.","volume":"36","author":"Del Coso","year":"2011","journal-title":"Appl Physiol Nutr Metab."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2005-837437","article-title":"Distribution of caffeine levels in urine in different sports in relation to doping control.","volume":"26","author":"Van Thuyne","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int J Sports Med."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11020286","article-title":"Urine caffeine concentration in doping control samples from 2004 to 2015.","volume":"11","author":"Aguilar-Navarro","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nutrients."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-017-0848-2","article-title":"Administration of caffeine in alternate forms.","volume":"48","author":"Wickham","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1913","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-018-0939-8","article-title":"The effect of acute caffeine ingestion on endurance performance: a systematic review and meta\u2013analysis.","volume":"48","author":"Southward","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1080\/17461391.2017.1394371","article-title":"Caffeine ingestion enhances Wingate performance: a meta-analysis.","volume":"18","author":"Grgic","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur J Sport Sci."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-019-01211-9","article-title":"Acute effects of caffeine supplementation on movement velocity in resistance exercise: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"50","author":"Raya-Gonzalez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1186\/s12970-018-0216-0","article-title":"Effects of caffeine intake on muscle strength and power: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"15","author":"Grgic","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Int Soc Sports Nutr."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scispo.2016.01.006","article-title":"Acute effect of caffeine consumption on isotonic muscular strength and endurance: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"31","author":"Polito","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci Sports."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0773.1995.tb00111.x","article-title":"Adenosine, adenosine receptors and the actions of caffeine.","volume":"76","author":"Fredholm","year":"1995","journal-title":"Pharmacol Toxicol."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0b013e3181c1f88a","article-title":"Efficacy of acute caffeine ingestion for short-term high-intensity exercise performance: a systematic review.","volume":"24","author":"Astorino","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Strength Condition Res."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1570","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000001596","article-title":"Caffeine, CYP1A2 genotype, and endurance performance in athletes.","volume":"50","author":"Guest","year":"2018","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1123\/ijsnem.2015-0147","article-title":"The effects of preexercise caffeinated coffee ingestion on endurance performance: an evidence-based review.","volume":"26","author":"Higgins","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1372","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.01028.2010","article-title":"Caffeine intake improves intense intermittent exercise performance and reduces muscle interstitial potassium accumulation.","volume":"111","author":"Mohr","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1097\/00003677-200410000-00004","article-title":"Caffeine: a valuable tool to study central fatigue in humans?","volume":"32","author":"Kalmar","year":"2004","journal-title":"Exerc Sport Sci Rev."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-014-0257-8","article-title":"Exercise and sport performance with low doses of caffeine.","volume":"44","author":"Spriet","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"B18","first-page":"S3","article-title":"Physiological aspects of training in rowing.","volume":"14","author":"Steinacker","year":"1993","journal-title":"Int J Sports Med."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1894","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0b013e318187534c","article-title":"Collegiate rowing crew performance varies by morningness-eveningness.","volume":"22","author":"Brown","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Strength Condition Res."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2017.04.002","article-title":"Systematic review of the potential adverse effects of caffeine consumption in healthy adults, pregnant women, adolescents, and children.","volume":"109","author":"Wikoff","year":"2017","journal-title":"Food Chem Toxicol."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3823","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-022-02874-3","article-title":"Risk or benefit? Side effects of caffeine supplementation in sport: a systematic review.","volume":"61","author":"de Souza","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur J Nutr."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-53817-8.00006-2","article-title":"Effects of caffeine on sleep and cognition.","volume":"190","author":"Snel","year":"2011","journal-title":"Prog Brain Res."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2869.2006.00518.x","article-title":"Challenging sleep in aging: the effects of 200 mg of caffeine during the evening in young and middle-aged moderate caffeine consumers.","volume":"15","author":"Drapeau","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Sleep Res."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2529","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-014-2973-z","article-title":"Combined caffeine and carbohydrate ingestion: effects on nocturnal sleep and exercise performance in athletes.","volume":"114","author":"Miller","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2040","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11092040","article-title":"Impact of caffeine intake on 800-m running performance and sleep quality in trained runners.","volume":"11","author":"Ramos-Campo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nutrients."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-017-0832-x","article-title":"Sleep interventions designed to improve athletic performance and recovery: a systematic review of current approaches.","volume":"48","author":"Bonnar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-014-0260-0","article-title":"Sleep and athletic performance: the effects of sleep loss on exercise performance, and physiological and cognitive responses to exercise.","volume":"45","author":"Fullagar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2020-0841","article-title":"Does caffeine consumption influence postcompetition sleep in professional rugby league athletes? A case study.","volume":"17","author":"Caia","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Sports Physiol Perform."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1080\/17461391.2018.1433238","article-title":"Caffeine use in a super rugby game and its relationship to post-game sleep.","volume":"18","author":"Dunican","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur J Sport Sci."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1319","DOI":"10.1139\/H08-130","article-title":"Caffeine and sports performance.","volume":"33","author":"Burke","year":"2008","journal-title":"Appl Physiol Nutr Metab."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1195","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.3170","article-title":"Caffeine effects on sleep taken 0, 3, or 6 hours before going to bed.","volume":"9","author":"Drake","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Clin Sleep Med."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1177\/07487304145230","article-title":"Effects of caffeine on skin and core temperatures, alertness, and recovery sleep during circadian misalignment.","volume":"29","author":"McHill","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Biol Rhythms."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.3390\/sports4030045","article-title":"Coffee and caffeine ingestion have little effect on repeated sprint cycling in relatively untrained males.","volume":"4","author":"Clarke","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sports."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.3920\/CEP150010","article-title":"Sex differences on the acute effects of caffeine on maximal strength and muscular endurance.","volume":"11","author":"Sabblah","year":"2015","journal-title":"Comp Exerc Physiol."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2184","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e31829a6672","article-title":"Neuromuscular responses to incremental caffeine doses: performance and side effects.","volume":"45","author":"Pallares","year":"2013","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1912","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11081912","article-title":"The effects of high doses of caffeine on maximal strength and muscular endurance in athletes habituated to caffeine.","volume":"11","author":"Wilk","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nutrients."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12970-020-00383-4","article-title":"International society of sports nutrition position stand: caffeine and exercise performance.","volume":"18","author":"Guest","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Int Soc Sports Nutr."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13010002","article-title":"Effects of different doses of caffeinated coffee on muscular endurance, cognitive performance, and cardiac autonomic modulation in caffeine naive female athletes.","volume":"13","author":"Karayigit","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutrients."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1958","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768-200011000-00021","article-title":"Enhancement of 2000-m rowing performance after caffeine ingestion.","volume":"32","author":"Bruce","year":"2000","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1007\/s11332-020-00643-5","article-title":"Performance and recovery: effects of caffeine on a 2000-m rowing ergometer.","volume":"16","author":"Gharaat","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sport Sci Health."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1249\/mss.0b013e3181b6668b","article-title":"Dose response of caffeine on 2000-m rowing performance.","volume":"42","author":"Skinner","year":"2010","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1186\/s12970-021-00448-y","article-title":"Effects of acute ingestion of caffeinated chewing gum on performance in elite judo athletes.","volume":"18","author":"Filip-Stachnik","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Int Soc Sports Nutr."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-017-0687-1","article-title":"Practical issues in evidence-based use of performance supplements: supplement interactions, repeated use and individual responses.","volume":"47","author":"Burke","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"B44","unstructured":"Urbaniak\n              GC\n            \n            \n              Plous\n              S.\n            \n          \n          Research Randomizer (Version 4.0).\n          \n          2013"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"zsae230","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsae230","article-title":"Dose and timing effects of caffeine on subsequent sleep: a randomized clinical crossover trial.","volume":"48","author":"Gardiner","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sleep."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-018-0980-7","article-title":"What should we do about habitual caffeine use in athletes?","volume":"49","author":"Pickering","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203771587","volume-title":"Statistical Power Analysis For the Behavioral Sciences.","author":"Cohen","year":"2013"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-019-01250-8","article-title":"The effects of caffeine ingestion on measures of rowing performance: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"12","author":"Grgic","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutrients."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0165034","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0165034","article-title":"Acute effects of caffeine on heart rate variability, blood pressure and tidal volume in paraplegic and tetraplegic compared to able-bodied individuals: a randomized, blinded trial.","volume":"11","author":"Flueck","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.4455\/eu.2014.011","article-title":"Development of a tool to assess the caffeine intake among teenagers and young adults.","volume":"61","author":"B\u00fchler","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ernahrungs Umschau."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1087","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12041087","article-title":"Inconsistency in the ergogenic effect of caffeine in athletes who regularly consume caffeine: is it due to the disparity in the criteria that defines habitual caffeine intake?","volume":"12","author":"Filip","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutrients."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.5114\/biolsport.2021.101125","article-title":"The prevalence and practices of caffeine use as an ergogenic aid in English professional soccer.","volume":"38","author":"Tallis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biol Sport."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1849","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.7478","article-title":"A new single-item sleep quality scale: results of psychometric evaluation in patients with chronic primary insomnia and depression.","volume":"14","author":"Snyder","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Clin Sleep Med."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4419-9893-4","article-title":"Time of day sleepiness scale (TODSS).","volume-title":"STOP, THAT and One Hundred Other Sleep Scales.","author":"Shahid","year":"2012"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1080\/026404199365650","article-title":"High reliability of performance of well-trained rowers on a rowing ergometer.","volume":"17","author":"Schabort","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Sports Sci."},{"key":"B56","volume-title":"Indoor Rowing Training Guide.","author":"O\u2019Neill","year":"2004"},{"key":"B57","first-page":"311","volume-title":"Protocols For the Physiological Assessment of Rowers. Physiological Tests for Elite Athletes.","author":"Hahn","year":"2000"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1007\/s004210050542","article-title":"Aerobic and anaerobic energy during a 2-km race simulation in female rowers.","volume":"79","author":"Pripstein","year":"1999","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.112.1.155","article-title":"A power primer.","volume":"112","author":"Cohen","year":"1992","journal-title":"Psychol Bull."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2019.01.001","article-title":"Effects of caffeine ingestion on the diurnal variation of cognitive and repeated high-intensity performances.","volume":"177","author":"Souissi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pharmacol Biochem Behav."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.8.3.254","article-title":"Effects of Ramadan on the diurnal variations of repeated-sprint performance.","volume":"8","author":"Aloui","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Sports Physiol Perform."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2017.00240","article-title":"Caffeine and bicarbonate for speed. a meta-analysis of legal supplements potential for improving intense endurance exercise performance.","volume":"8","author":"Christensen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Physiol."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2018-100278","article-title":"Wake up and smell the coffee: caffeine supplementation and exercise performance\u2013an umbrella review of 21 published meta-analyses.","volume":"54","author":"Grgic","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1123\/ijsnem.10.4.464","article-title":"Improved 2000-meter rowing performance in competitive oarswomen after caffeine ingestion.","volume":"10","author":"Anderson","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.2165\/11317770-000000000-00000","article-title":"Caffeine and anaerobic performance: ergogenic value and mechanisms of action.","volume":"39","author":"Davis","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1123\/ijsnem.2022-0042","article-title":"Evening caffeine did not improve 100-m swimming time trials performed 60 min post-ingestion or the next morning after sleep.","volume":"32","author":"Newbury","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1080\/02640410310001655741","article-title":"Caffeine lowers perceptual response and increases power output during high-intensity cycling.","volume":"22","author":"Doherty","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Sports sci."},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1016\/s0899-900700369-5","article-title":"Caffeine and nutrition.","volume":"16","author":"Harland","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nutrition."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1493","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1998.85.4.1493","article-title":"Effect of caffeine on metabolism, exercise endurance, and catecholamine responses after withdrawal.","volume":"85","author":"Van Soeren","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1123\/ijsnem.12.2.189","article-title":"Caffeine, body fluid-electrolyte balance, and exercise performance.","volume":"12","author":"Armstrong","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab."},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R596","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.1998.275.2.R596","article-title":"Regulation of muscle glycogenolytic flux during intense aerobic exercise after caffeine ingestion.","volume":"275","author":"Chesley","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol."},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1719","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.2000.89.5.1719","article-title":"Caffeine potentiates low frequency skeletal muscle force in habitual and nonhabitual caffeine consumers.","volume":"89","author":"Tarnopolsky","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol."},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1080\/14763140408522843","article-title":"Rowing: reliability of power output during rowing changes with ergometer type and race distance.","volume":"3","author":"Soper","year":"2004","journal-title":"Sports Biomech."},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1165","DOI":"10.1080\/02640410500457687","article-title":"The effects of caffeine ingestion on performance time, speed and power during a laboratory-based 1 km cycling time-trial.","volume":"24","author":"Wiles","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Sports Sci."},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2363789","DOI":"10.1080\/15502783.2024.2363789","article-title":"Effect of caffeine ingestion on time trial performance in cyclists: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"21","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Int Soc Sports Nutr."},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autneu.2017.03.003","article-title":"Cardiovascular and autonomic reactivity to psychological stress: neurophysiological substrates and links to cardiovascular disease.","volume":"207","author":"Ginty","year":"2017","journal-title":"Auton Neurosci."},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1007\/s002130050438","article-title":"Effects of hot tea, coffee and water ingestion on physiological responses and mood: the role of caffeine, water and beverage type.","volume":"134","author":"Quinlan","year":"1997","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology."},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1080\/07315724.2019.1705201","article-title":"Is caffeine recommended before exercise? A systematic review to investigate its impact on cardiac autonomic control via heart rate and its variability.","volume":"39","author":"Benjamim","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Am Coll Nutr."},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1007\/s002130000383","article-title":"A naturalistic investigation of the effects of day-long consumption of tea, coffee and water on alertness, sleep onset and sleep quality.","volume":"149","author":"Hindmarch","year":"2000","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology."},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-938400213-9","article-title":"The influence of acute exercise on sleep following high caffeine intake.","volume":"68","author":"Youngstedt","year":"2000","journal-title":"Physiol Behav."},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2017.00080","article-title":"The safety of ingested caffeine: a comprehensive review.","volume":"8","author":"Temple","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry."},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0034-1398580","article-title":"The effect of caffeine ingestion during evening exercise on subsequent sleep quality in females.","volume":"36","author":"Ali","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Sports Med."},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/S1389-945700015-1","article-title":"The effects of coffee consumption on sleep and melatonin secretion.","volume":"3","author":"Shilo","year":"2002","journal-title":"Sleep Med."},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00845371","article-title":"Caffeine and human behavior: arousal, anxiety, and performance effects.","volume":"5","author":"Sawyer","year":"1982","journal-title":"J Behav Med."},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1473","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-15324-7","article-title":"Identification and characterization of N 9-methyltransferase involved in converting caffeine into non-stimulatory theacrine in tea.","volume":"11","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Commun."},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1177\/02698811155755","article-title":"Sleep is more sensitive to high doses of caffeine in the middle years of life.","volume":"29","author":"Robillard","year":"2015","journal-title":"J psychopharmacol."},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1002\/cpt1976206682","article-title":"Dose-related sleep disturbances induced by coffee and caffeine.","volume":"20","author":"Karacan","year":"1976","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacol Therap."},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9957","DOI":"10.3390\/app12199957","article-title":"Does acute caffeine intake before evening training sessions impact sleep quality and recovery-stress state? preliminary results from a study on highly trained judo athletes.","volume":"12","author":"Filip-Stachnik","year":"2022","journal-title":"Appl Sci."},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1053\/smrv.2000.0110","article-title":"Exercise and sleep.","volume":"4","author":"Driver","year":"2000","journal-title":"Sleep Med Rev."},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csm.2004.12.003","article-title":"Effects of exercise on sleep.","volume":"24","author":"Youngstedt","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin Sports Med."},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2009.05.002","article-title":"Hyperarousal and insomnia: state of the science.","volume":"14","author":"Bonnet","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sleep Med Rev."},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2005-867080","article-title":"Neurocognitive consequences of sleep deprivation.","volume":"25","author":"Goel","year":"2009","journal-title":"Semin Neurol."},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-009-1103-9","article-title":"One night of sleep deprivation decreases treadmill endurance performance.","volume":"107","author":"Oliver","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol."},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1301","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e31820abc5a","article-title":"Intermittent-sprint performance and muscle glycogen after 30 h of sleep deprivation.","volume":"43","author":"Skein","year":"2011","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Nutrition"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnut.2025.1659220\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,16]],"date-time":"2025-12-16T05:17:13Z","timestamp":1765862233000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnut.2025.1659220\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,16]]},"references-count":94,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fnut.2025.1659220"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnut.2025.1659220","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-861X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-861X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,16]]},"article-number":"1659220"}}