{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,14]],"date-time":"2025-10-14T00:39:53Z","timestamp":1760402393043,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760313600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Nutr."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Chronic fatigue is a persistent state of physical, emotional, and cognitive exhaustion that does not resolve with rest. Behavioral and environmental factors may contribute to the onset and course of chronic fatigue. In this context, we aimed to examine the predictive roles of obesogenic environment and hedonic appetite in chronic fatigue.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Method<\/jats:title><jats:p>We conducted the study on 505 Turkish adults aged 18\u201365. Participants completed a questionnaire form containing questions about demographic characteristics, dietary habits, the Chalder Fatigue Scale (CFS), the Power of Food Scale (PFS), and the Assessment of Obesogenic Environment Assessment Scale (AOES).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The proportion of women is higher in the third tertile (highest fatigue) than in the first tertile (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.014). The proportion of those who exercise regularly in the third tertile is lower compared to the first and second tertiles (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.001). The percentage of participants who are sedentary for more than 4 h per day is lower in the first tertile than in the second and third tertiles (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.007). The proportion of individuals who often eat in front of a screen is higher in the third tertile (41.2%) than in the first tertile (27.2%; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.016). The proportion of individuals in the first tertile of fatigue level who prefer fast food when eating out is 44.5%, which is lower than that of the second and third tertiles (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.05). As hedonic appetite (\u03b2 = 0.370, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.001) and exposure to obesogenic environment (\u03b2 = 0.131, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.002) levels increase, fatigue symptoms also increase. It was found that individuals with high levels of chronic fatigue had a more obesogenic environment in terms of physical, social, and economic aspects; however, they were environmentally advantaged in terms of cultural factors and access to experts (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.05). Participants who self-report having a regular sleep schedule exhibit significantly lower levels of fatigue (\u03b2 = \u22120.146, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.001).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our findings show that obesogenic environments, irregular sleep schedules, and hedonic appetite are associated with fatigue perception and may serve as its predictors. Strategies to improve physical, social, and economic aspects of obesogenic environments may help prevent chronic fatigue, while addressing hedonic appetite through psychotherapy could also be beneficial. Effective prevention and management of chronic fatigue can strengthen long-term societal resilience and support overall wellbeing.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2025.1660721","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T13:34:50Z","timestamp":1760362490000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Association of obesogenic environment and hedonic appetite with chronic fatigue in Turkish adults"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Gizem","family":"Helvac\u0131","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fatma","family":"Tayhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"996","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jada.2011.04.011","article-title":"Eating disorders in an obesogenic environment","volume":"111","author":"Corsica","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Am Diet Assoc"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.5772\/intechopen.96730","article-title":"Environmental obesogens and human health","volume-title":"Hot Topics in Endocrinology and Metabolism.","author":"Mahapatra","year":"2021"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1787","DOI":"10.1093\/nutrit\/nuac003","article-title":"Impact of environmental pollution on the obesogenic environment","volume":"80","author":"Mart\u00ednez-Esquivel","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nutr Rev."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1847","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-05-0456","article-title":"Complementing the genome with an \u201cexposome\u201d: the outstanding challenge of environmental exposure measurement in molecular epidemiology","volume":"14","author":"Wild","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.3390\/informatics11040086","article-title":"The use of artificial intelligence to analyze the exposome in the development of chronic diseases: a review of the current literature","volume":"11","author":"Isola","year":"2024","journal-title":"Informatics."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-020-00625-4","article-title":"Applying the exposome concept in birth cohort research: a review of statistical approaches","volume":"35","author":"Santos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur J Epidemiol."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2007.04.006","article-title":"Hedonic hunger: a new dimension of appetite?","volume":"91","author":"Lowe","year":"2007","journal-title":"Physiol Behav."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.18137\/cardiometry.2021.20.160166","article-title":"Hedonic hunger: eating for desire and not calories","volume":"20","author":"Mankad","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cardiometry"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eatbeh.2014.12.003","article-title":"Navigating the obesogenic environment: how psychological sensitivity to the food environment and self-regulatory competence are associated with adolescent unhealthy snacking","volume":"17","author":"Stok","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eat Behav."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.12246","article-title":"Metabolic vs. hedonic obesity: a conceptual distinction and its clinical implications","volume":"16","author":"Yu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Obes Rev."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cobeha.2016.02.010","article-title":"Effects of obesogenic diets on learning and habitual responding","volume":"9","author":"Corbit","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr Opin Behav Sci."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"739764","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.739764","article-title":"A proposal for a unifying set of definitions of fatigue","volume":"12","author":"Skau","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Psychol."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reumae.2015.05.009","article-title":"Gender differences in chronic fatigue syndrome","volume":"12","author":"Faro","year":"2016","journal-title":"Reumatol Cl"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1097\/00043764-200202000-00006","article-title":"Lifestyle factors as risk factors for fatigue and psychological distress in the working population: prospective results from the Maastricht Cohort Study","volume":"44","author":"B\u00fcltmann","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Occup Environ Med."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.3928\/21650799-20130617-12","article-title":"Examining the impact of obesity on individuals with chronic fatigue syndrome","volume":"61","author":"Flores","year":"2013","journal-title":"Workplace Health Saf."},{"key":"B16","first-page":"741","article-title":"Chronic fatigue syndrome: diagnosis and treatment","volume":"86","author":"Yancey","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am Fam Physician."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3999(93)90081-P","article-title":"Development of a fatigue scale","volume":"37","author":"Chalder","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Psychosom Res."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2009.10.007","article-title":"Measuring fatigue in clinical and community settings","volume":"69","author":"Cella","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Psychosom Res."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1186\/s12955-022-02074-x","article-title":"Dimensionality, psychometric properties, and population-based norms of the Turkish version of the Chalder Fatigue Scale among adults","volume":"20","author":"Adin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Health Qual Life Outcomes."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2009.05.016","article-title":"The Power of Food Scale. A new measure of the psychological influence of the food environment","volume":"53","author":"Lowe","year":"2009","journal-title":"Appetite."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1179","DOI":"10.1007\/s40519-020-01019-x","article-title":"Validation of the Turkish version of the power of food scale in adult population","volume":"26","author":"Ulker","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eat Weight Disord."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5281\/zenodo.6973856","article-title":"Development and validity-reliability study of the assessment of the obesogenic environment scale for adults","volume":"7","author":"Kesik","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gevher Nesibe J Med Health Sci."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rce.2011.02.013","article-title":"S\u00edndrome de fatiga cr\u00f3nica: estudio de una serie consecutiva de 824 casos evaluados en dos unidades especializadas","volume":"211","author":"Ruiz","year":"2011","journal-title":"Revista Cl"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1389","DOI":"10.1111\/crj.12667","article-title":"Sleep patterns among patients with chronic fatigue: a polysomnography-based study","volume":"12","author":"Pajediene","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Respir J."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3999(00)00197-5","article-title":"Identifying physical activity patterns in chronic fatigue syndrome using actigraphic assessment","volume":"49","author":"Van der Werf","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Psychosom Res."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.2276","article-title":"Sleep abnormalities in chronic fatigue syndrome\/myalgic encephalomyelitis: a review","volume":"8","author":"Jackson","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Clin Sleep Med."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-013-2421-1","article-title":"Avoidance behavior towards physical activity in chronic fatigue syndrome and fibromyalgia: the fear for post-exertional malaise","volume":"33","author":"Nijs","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Rheumatol."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jef.2018.05.002","article-title":"Historical background of Turkish gastronomy from ancient times until today","volume":"5","author":"Batu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Ethnic Foods."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2007.12.006","article-title":"The awareness of chronic fatigue syndrome: a comparative study in Brazil and the United Kingdom","volume":"64","author":"Cho","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Psychosom Res."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-277X.2008.00933.x","article-title":"The lifestyle of patients with chronic fatigue syndrome and the effect on fatigue and functional impairments","volume":"22","author":"Goedendorp","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Hum Nutr Diet."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.3390\/f15020286","article-title":"Restorative effects of pocket parks on mental fatigue among young adults: a comparative experimental study of three park types","volume":"15","author":"Xu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Forests."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.62843\/jrsr\/2025.4b111","article-title":"The silent strains and blurred minds: a study of digital screen time, mental fatigue and brain fog among university students","volume":"4","author":"Naz","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Reg Stud Rev."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1093\/occmed\/kqm047","article-title":"Working hours and mental and physical fatigue in Japanese workers","volume":"57","author":"Nagashima","year":"2007","journal-title":"Occup Med."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1296","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-024-18757-7","article-title":"Socioeconomic determinants of myalgic encephalomyelitis\/chronic fatigue syndrome in Norway: a registry study","volume":"24","author":"Hilland","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Public Health."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-9-458","article-title":"The expressed needs of people with chronic fatigue syndrome\/myalgic encephalomyelitis: a systematic review","volume":"9","author":"Drachler","year":"2009","journal-title":"BMC Public Health."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2008.01.022","article-title":"Possible role for early-life immune insult including developmental immunotoxicity in chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) or myalgic encephalomyelitis (ME)","volume":"247","author":"Dietert","year":"2008","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1560","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph21121560","article-title":"Association between chronic pain and fatigue severity with weather and air pollution among females with myalgic encephalomyelitis\/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME\/CFS)","volume":"21","author":"Jones","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health."},{"key":"B38","first-page":"120","article-title":"Pollution and mental health: the hidden psychological impact","volume-title":"One Health in a Changing World","author":"Batool","year":"2025"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.5281\/zenodo.1307482","article-title":"Nutritional and dietary interventions for the treatment of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome","volume":"8","author":"Pryli\u0144ska","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Educ Health Sport"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2315","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11102315","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory diets and fatigue","volume":"11","author":"Ha\u00df","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nutrients."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100995","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yfrne.2022.100995","article-title":"The underlying sex differences in neuroendocrine adaptations relevant to myalgic encephalomyelitis chronic fatigue syndrome","volume":"66","author":"Thomas","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Neuroendocrinol."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/ckp113","article-title":"Fatigue and chronic fatigue syndrome-like complaints in the general population","volume":"20","author":"van't Leven","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur J Public Health"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1146","DOI":"10.1177\/1359105317697323","article-title":"Do graded activity therapies cause harm in chronic fatigue syndrome?","volume":"22","author":"Kindlon","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Health Psychol."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2007.07.001","article-title":"A real-time assessment of the effect of exercise in chronic fatigue syndrome","volume":"92","author":"Yoshiuchi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Physiology Behavior."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2469","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-29329-x","article-title":"Different risk factors distinguish myalgic encephalomyelitis\/chronic fatigue syndrome from severe fatigue","volume":"13","author":"Palacios","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2001.tb05825.x","article-title":"Mediators of inflammation and their interaction with sleep: relevance for chronic fatigue syndrome and related conditions","volume":"933","author":"Mullington","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2044","DOI":"10.3109\/09638288.2014.993093","article-title":"Sleep characteristics, exercise capacity and physical activity in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome","volume":"37","author":"Aerenhouts","year":"2015","journal-title":"Disabil Rehabil."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1111\/bjhp.12136","article-title":"The experience of sleep in chronic fatigue syndrome: a qualitative interview study with patients","volume":"21","author":"Gotts","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br J Health Psychol."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2407","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980023001696","article-title":"Characteristics of the obesogenic environment around schools are associated with body fat and low-grade inflammation in Brazilian children","volume":"26","author":"Filgueiras","year":"2023","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1696","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.01696","article-title":"The role of inflammation in depression and fatigue","volume":"10","author":"Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Immunol."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e149217","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.149217","article-title":"A map of metabolic phenotypes in patients with myalgic encephalomyelitis\/chronic fatigue syndrome","volume":"6","author":"Hoel","year":"2021","journal-title":"JCI Insight."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-97-2681-3_4","article-title":"Central nervous system regulation of eating and brain functions","volume-title":"Nutrition and Psychiatric Disorders: An Evidence-Based Approach to Understanding the Diet-Brain Connection","author":"Asuku","year":"2024"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e98156","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0098156","article-title":"Decreased basal ganglia activation in subjects with chronic fatigue syndrome: association with symptoms of fatigue","volume":"9","author":"Miller","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2618","DOI":"10.1007\/s11682-019-00215-3","article-title":"Basal ganglia lateralization in different types of reward","volume":"14","author":"Arsalidou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Imaging Behav."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21386","DOI":"10.1038\/srep21386","article-title":"Basal ganglia correlates of fatigue in young adults","volume":"6","author":"Nakagawa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1080\/21641846.2025.2513807","article-title":"Therapeutic use of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) for people with myalgic encephalomyelitis\/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME\/CFS): a scoping review","volume":"13","author":"Sanal-Hayes","year":"2025","journal-title":"Fatigue Biomed Health Behav"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1849","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.13741","article-title":"Weight loss induced by deep transcranial magnetic stimulation in obesity: a randomized, double-blind, sham-controlled study","volume":"21","author":"Ferrulli","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes Metab."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Nutrition"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnut.2025.1660721\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T13:34:54Z","timestamp":1760362494000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnut.2025.1660721\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]]},"references-count":57,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fnut.2025.1660721"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnut.2025.1660721","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-861X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-861X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]]},"article-number":"1660721"}}