{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T16:53:36Z","timestamp":1789750416437,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,11]],"date-time":"2025-12-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765411200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Nutr."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Peritoneal dialysis-associated peritonitis (PDAP) remains a major complication of peritoneal dialysis (PD). The controlling nutritional status (CONUT) score, which reflects the immune-nutritional state, may offer predictive value in identifying patients at risk. This study aimed to evaluate the utility of machine learning models in predicting early-onset PDAP and to assess the prognostic importance of baseline CONUT score, 6-month CONUT score, and their dynamic changes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this multicenter prospective cohort study, 675 patients initiating PD were enrolled. Multivariable logistic regression was performed to identify clinical predictors of early-onset peritonitis, while Kaplan\u2013Meier survival analysis was used to compare peritonitis-free survival among patients with no peritonitis, early-onset peritonitis, and late-onset peritonitis. To enhance predictive performance, machine learning models including XGBoost, LightGBM, and their ensemble were constructed. Feature selection was based on SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) values derived from an initial XGBoost model. The top 10 SHAP-ranked features were used to train all models. Model performance was assessed using area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC), and SHAP summary plots were generated to interpret feature contributions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Over a median follow-up period of 41.8\u202fmonths, 82 patients developed early-onset PDAP. Multivariable logistic regression identified baseline total cholesterol, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, and 6-month CONUT score as independent predictors of early-onset PDAP (vs. no PDAP;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f&amp;lt;\u202f0.05). In comparisons between early- and late-onset PDAP, older age, longer PD duration, and lower 6-month CONUT score were independently associated with a decreased likelihood of early-onset PDAP (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f&amp;lt;\u202f0.05). Using the top 10 SHAP-ranked features, three models (XGBoost, LightGBM, and an ensemble) were trained. For distinguishing early-onset PDAP from no PDAP, LightGBM performed best (AUC\u202f=\u202f0.717), followed by the ensemble (0.698) and XGBoost (0.670). In differentiating early- from late-onset PDAP, LightGBM showed the highest AUC (0.781), outperforming the ensemble (0.744) and XGBoost (0.691). SHAP summary plots consistently identified the 6-month CONUT score as the important feature across both classification tasks.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The 6-month CONUT score is an independent predictor of early-onset PDAP and was among the top contributing features in multiple machine learning models. Integrating SHAP-based feature selection with gradient boosting improved model accuracy and interpretability. Dynamic monitoring of nutritional-immune status may aid in early risk stratification and guide personalized prevention strategies in patients undergoing PD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2025.1681169","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,11]],"date-time":"2025-12-11T15:08:16Z","timestamp":1765465696000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Machine learning-based prediction of early-onset peritoneal dialysis-associated peritonitis: the role of the CONUT score"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Hua","family":"Zhou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chunlei","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kai","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuya","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ye","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiangyin","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Youqi","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huiyue","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Min","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0003979","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgph.0003979","article-title":"Landscape of kidney replacement therapy provision in low- and lower-middle income countries: a multinational study from the ISN-GKHA","volume":"4","author":"Nkunu","year":"2024","journal-title":"PLOS Glob Public Health"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2523","DOI":"10.1093\/ckj\/sfad155","article-title":"Impact of peritoneal dialysis strategy on technique and patient survival","volume":"16","author":"Sanchez","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Kidney J"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1007\/s11255-023-03731-w","article-title":"Persistent peritonitis in peritoneal dialysis: a comphrenesive review of recurrent, relapsing, refractory, and repeat peritonitis","volume":"56","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int Urol Nephrol"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8607","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25168607","article-title":"Pathophysiological mechanisms of peritoneal fibrosis and peritoneal membrane dysfunction in peritoneal Dialysis","volume":"25","author":"Ito","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1111\/sdi.12114","article-title":"Prevention of peritonitis in peritoneal dialysis","volume":"26","author":"Segal","year":"2013","journal-title":"Semin Dial"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1186\/s12882-024-03496-z","article-title":"The association between new inflammation markers and frequent peritoneal dialysis-associated peritonitis","volume":"25","author":"Tang","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Nephrol"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5327","DOI":"10.2147\/JIR.S438674","article-title":"Decreased peripheral blood lymphocyte count predicts poor treatment response in peritoneal Dialysis-associated peritonitis","volume":"16","author":"He","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Inflamm Res"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1159\/000543693","article-title":"Association of hypoalbuminemia with the risk of peritoneal dialysis-associated peritonitis in peritoneal dialysis patients: a meta-analysis","author":"Zha","year":"2025","journal-title":"Blood Purif"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfma.2025.04.017","article-title":"Controlling nutritional status score as a survival prognosticator in patients with head and neck cancer","author":"Tsai","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Formos Med Assoc"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17040647","article-title":"Impact of nutritional changes on the prognosis in pancreatic Cancer patients underwent curative surgery after neoadjuvant chemotherapy","volume":"17","author":"Park","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref11","first-page":"38","article-title":"CONUT: a tool for controlling nutritional status. First validation in a hospital population","volume":"20","author":"Ignacio de Ulibarri","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nutr Hosp"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2564","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2019.11.018","article-title":"Controlling nutritional status (CONUT) score as immune-nutritional predictor of outcomes in patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis","volume":"39","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Nutr"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-150-9-200905050-00006","article-title":"A new equation to estimate glomerular filtration rate","volume":"150","author":"Levey","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1177\/08968608221080586","article-title":"ISPD peritonitis guideline recommendations: 2022 update on prevention and treatment","volume":"42","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Perit Dial Int"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2018.04.007","article-title":"Lipid profile associated with the systemic inflammatory response syndrome and sepsis in critically ill patients","author":"Golucci","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jrn.2021.09.005","article-title":"Predictive value of objective nutritional indexes in technique failure in peritoneal Dialysis patients","volume":"32","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Ren Nutr"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"884061","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2022.884061","article-title":"Peritoneal protein loss, inflammation, and nutrition: refuting myths","volume":"9","author":"Malho Guedes","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Med"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.3747\/pdi.2011.00326","article-title":"Peritoneal protein leakage, systemic inflammation, and peritonitis risk in patients on peritoneal dialysis","volume":"33","author":"Dong","year":"2013","journal-title":"Perit Dial Int"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5763","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24065763","article-title":"Novel aspects of the immune response involved in the peritoneal damage in chronic kidney disease patients under dialysis","volume":"24","author":"Trionfetti","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"484167","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/484167","article-title":"Pathophysiological changes to the peritoneal membrane during PD-related peritonitis: the role of mesothelial cells","volume":"2012","author":"Yung","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mediat Inflamm"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e3202","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000003202","article-title":"Trajectories of serum albumin predict survival of peritoneal Dialysis patients: a 15-year follow-up study","volume":"95","author":"Chiu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1596403","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2025.1596403","article-title":"Establishment of a prediction model for long-term infections in patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis","volume":"12","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Med"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Nutrition"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnut.2025.1681169\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,11]],"date-time":"2025-12-11T15:08:16Z","timestamp":1765465696000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnut.2025.1681169\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,11]]},"references-count":22,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fnut.2025.1681169"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnut.2025.1681169","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-861X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-861X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,11]]},"article-number":"1681169"}}