{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]],"date-time":"2026-01-20T05:27:17Z","timestamp":1768886837829,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]],"date-time":"2026-01-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768780800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Nutr."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Obesity, sarcopenia, and sarcopenic obesity require effective nutritional strategies in public health.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This cross-sectional study analyzed 535 adults aged 40\u201360\u202fyears in rural Korea. Participants were grouped by abdominal obesity (waist circumference \u226590\u202fcm for men, \u226585\u202fcm for women) and probable sarcopenia (handgrip strength \u226428\u202fkg for men, \u226418\u202fkg for women). Dietary intake was assessed using a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire and NOVA classification. Associations between food group intake and each phenotype were analyzed using multinomial logistic regression, adjusting for confounders.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Compared with healthy controls, the probable sarcopenia group reported lower intakes of total protein (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      =\u202f0.041), vitamin A (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      =\u202f0.041), and carotenoids (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      =\u202f0.046), and higher intake of processed culinary ingredients (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      =\u202f0.012). The sarcopenic obesity group had lower intake of minimally processed foods (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      =\u202f0.046) and higher intake of ultra-processed foods (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      =\u202f0.010). In regression models, higher protein intake was associated with lower odds of probable sarcopenia (OR\u202f=\u202f0.73, 95% CI: 0.56\u20130.95). Higher ultra-processed food intake was associated with increased odds of abdominal obesity (OR\u202f=\u202f1.26, 95% CI: 1.03\u20131.54) and sarcopenic obesity (OR\u202f=\u202f1.37, 95% CI: 1.02\u20131.84).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Higher protein and minimally processed food intakes were associated with lower odds of probable sarcopenia, whereas higher ultra-processed food intake was associated with higher odds of abdominal and sarcopenic obesity in middle-aged adults in rural Korea. These observational findings may inform hypothesis generation and public health planning, but prospective studies are needed to confirm these associations and assess causality.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2025.1683196","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]],"date-time":"2026-01-19T16:36:21Z","timestamp":1768840581000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Comparison of nutrients and ultra-processed food consumption between different phenotypes defined by abdominal obesity and sarcopenia"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Eunjin","family":"Jang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Korean Institute of Nutrition, Hallym University","place":["Chuncheon, Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sarang","family":"Jeong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Korean Institute of Nutrition, Hallym University","place":["Chuncheon, Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jinhyun","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Korean Institute of Nutrition, Hallym University","place":["Chuncheon, Republic of Korea"]},{"name":"Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Hallym University","place":["Chuncheon, Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sukyoung","family":"Jung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Healthcare Policy Research, Korea Institute for Health and Social Affairs","place":["Sejong, Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jee Young","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jeju Jinsan Company","place":["Seogwipo, Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jung Eun","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Human Ecology, Seoul National University","place":["Seoul, Republic of Korea"]},{"name":"Research Institute of Human Ecology, College of Human Ecology, Seoul National University","place":["Seoul, Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sohyun","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Korean Institute of Nutrition, Hallym University","place":["Chuncheon, Republic of Korea"]},{"name":"Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Hallym University","place":["Chuncheon, Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jang Won","family":"Son","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Bucheon St. Mary\u2019s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea","place":["Seoul, Republic of Korea"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"name":"On behalf of the GOMS study group, Korean Society for the Study of Obesity","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.7570\/jomes24012","article-title":"2023 obesity fact sheet: prevalence of obesity and abdominal obesity in adults, adolescents, and children in Korea from 2012 to 2021","volume":"33","author":"Jeong","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Obes Metab Syndr"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2021018","DOI":"10.4178\/epih.e2021018","article-title":"Comorbidity network analysis related to obesity in middle-aged and older adults: findings from Korean population-based survey data","volume":"43","author":"Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Epidemiol 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