{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T16:58:10Z","timestamp":1793465890546,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,7]],"date-time":"2025-11-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762473600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Nutr."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background and aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Depression is a leading cause of disability worldwide; studies have described it as a multifactorial disease that involves biological, psychological, and environmental factors. This systematic review explores the role of vitamins B\n                      <jats:sub>9<\/jats:sub>\n                      , B\n                      <jats:sub>12<\/jats:sub>\n                      , and D in depression, particularly emphasizing their biological effects, genetic variant interactions, and potential treatment implications.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A systematic literature review was conducted in Web of Science (WOS) and PubMed up to 15th June 2025. This review included 24 studies from randomized controlled trials (RCTs), observational studies, and case reports and examined the associations between genetic variants involved in vitamins B\n                      <jats:sub>9<\/jats:sub>\n                      , B\n                      <jats:sub>12<\/jats:sub>\n                      , and D metabolism; their biological processes; and outcomes in depression. Following the PRISMA criteria, researchers analyzed and extracted data independently; this resulted in the inclusion of 24 eligible papers (14 of vitamins B\n                      <jats:sub>9<\/jats:sub>\n                      and B\n                      <jats:sub>12<\/jats:sub>\n                      and 10 of vitamin D).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Studies varied widely in design and methodology. Deficiencies in vitamins B\n                      <jats:sub>9<\/jats:sub>\n                      (folate) and B\n                      <jats:sub>12<\/jats:sub>\n                      (cobalamin) are associated with decreased neurotransmitter biosynthesis, higher homocysteine levels, and increased depressive symptoms. Vitamin D deficiency has also been associated with mood regulation through its effects on neurotransmission. Genetic variants, particularly in the MTHFR gene, have been associated with significant influence on individual susceptibility to depression in some populations, highlighting the interaction between genetics and micronutrient bioavailability and the need for further studies with diverse populations, larger study samples, and the inclusion of more genetic variants.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This systematic review emphasizes the role of vitamins B\n                      <jats:sub>9<\/jats:sub>\n                      , B\n                      <jats:sub>12<\/jats:sub>\n                      , and D and genetic variants associated with the development of depression. Regardless of the encouraging findings that supplementation with vitamins B\n                      <jats:sub>9<\/jats:sub>\n                      , B\n                      <jats:sub>12<\/jats:sub>\n                      , and D could support depressive symptomatology, additional research is needed to propose therapeutic guidelines. Personalized strategies considering dietary, genetic and environmental factors could enhance treatment results for individuals with depression.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2025.1690378","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,7]],"date-time":"2025-11-07T06:24:27Z","timestamp":1762496667000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["The biological relationship among depression, vitamins B9, B12, and D, and genetic variants: a systematic review"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Rosella","family":"Soriano-Gonzalez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hugo","family":"Ramirez-Olea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rocio","family":"Gonzalez-Soltero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rocio Alejandra","family":"Chavez-Santoscoy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","volume-title":"Depression: StatPearls","author":"Chand","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(21)01149-1","article-title":"Ensuring care for people with depression","volume":"399","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1080\/16506073.2017.1304445","article-title":"Effect of treatments for depression on quality of life: a meta-analysis","volume":"46","author":"Hofmann","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cogn Behav Ther"},{"key":"ref4","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16065","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2016.65","article-title":"Major depressive disorder","volume":"2","author":"Otte","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1552","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.157.10.1552","article-title":"Genetic epidemiology of major depression: review and Meta-analysis","volume":"157","author":"Sullivan","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2014.01.027","article-title":"The genetics of major depression","volume":"81","author":"Flint","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1097\/HRP.0000000000000054","article-title":"Genetic determinants of depression","volume":"23","author":"Dunn","year":"2015","journal-title":"Harv Rev Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2018.00334","article-title":"Genetics factors in major depression disease","volume":"9","author":"Shadrina","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Psych"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e11169","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.11169","article-title":"Vitamin B12 supplementation: preventing onset and improving prognosis of depression","volume":"12","author":"Sangle","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2017.07.019","article-title":"The association of folate and depression: a meta-analysis","volume":"95","author":"Bender","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2023.10.021","article-title":"The effect of vitamin D supplementation on primary depression: a meta-analysis","volume":"344","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2433","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15112433","article-title":"Dietary nutrient deficiencies and risk of depression (review article 2018\u20132023)","volume":"15","author":"Zieli\u0144ska","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.111.106666","article-title":"Vitamin D deficiency and depression in adults: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"202","author":"Anglin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13486","DOI":"10.1111\/eci.13486","article-title":"The association between serum homocysteine and depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies","volume":"51","author":"Moradi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Investig"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1007\/s12263-010-0192-8","article-title":"The micronutrient genomics project: a community-driven knowledge base for micronutrient research","volume":"5","author":"van Ommen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Genes Nutr"},{"key":"ref17","volume-title":"Major depressive disorder","author":"Bains","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2299","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)31948-2","article-title":"Depression","volume":"392","author":"Malhi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-813333-0.00007-X","article-title":"The monoamine hypothesis of depression revisited: could it mechanistically novel antidepressant strategies?","volume-title":"Neurobiology of depression","author":"Cosci","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3243","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-022-01661-0","article-title":"The serotonin theory of depression: a systematic umbrella review of the evidence","volume":"28","author":"Moncrieff","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1037\/a0029567","article-title":"Predictors of first lifetime onset of major depressive disorder in young adulthood","volume":"122","author":"Klein","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Abnorm Psychol"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2013.185","article-title":"Developmental effects of serotonin 1A autoreceptors on anxiety and social behavior","volume":"39","author":"Donaldson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-021-01341-5","article-title":"The dopamine transporter gene SLC6A3: multidisease risks","volume":"27","author":"Reith","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2010.189","article-title":"The serotonin transporter promoter variant (5-HTTLPR), stress, and depression Meta-analysis revisited","volume":"68","author":"Karg","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2024.01.054","article-title":"Stressful life events exhibit complex patterns of associations with depressive symptoms in two population-based samples using network analysis","volume":"349","author":"Bj\u00f8rndal","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3731","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26123731","article-title":"The concept of folic acid in health and disease","volume":"26","author":"Shulpekova","year":"2021","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.3171\/2020.7.PEDS20442","article-title":"Folate fortification and supplementation in prevention of folate-sensitive neural tube defects: a systematic review of policy","volume":"27","author":"Shlobin","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Neurosurg Pediatr"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1080\/07315724.2005.10719496","article-title":"Serum homocysteine concentration of US adults associated with fortified cereal consumption","volume":"24","author":"Song","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Am Coll Nutr"},{"key":"ref29","volume-title":"Folic acid deficiency","author":"Khan","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2016.06.004","article-title":"Nutrition recommendations in pregnancy and lactation","volume":"100","author":"Kominiarek","year":"2016","journal-title":"Med Clin North Am"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102770","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctim.2021.102770","article-title":"Folate as adjunct therapy to SSRI\/SNRI for major depressive disorder: systematic review & meta-analysis","volume":"61","author":"Altaf","year":"2021","journal-title":"Complement Ther Med"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.14218\/ERHM.2017.00025","article-title":"Effect of folate supplementation on inflammatory markers in individuals susceptible to depression: a systematic review","volume":"2","author":"Barnett","year":"2017","journal-title":"Explor Res Hypothesis Med"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3806","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.4073","article-title":"Folate supplementation as a beneficial add-on treatment in relieving depressive symptoms: a meta-analysis of meta-analyses","volume":"12","author":"Gao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Food Sci Nutr"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2016.05.007","article-title":"Effectiveness of add-on l-methylfolate therapy in a complex psychiatric illness with MTHFR C677 T genetic polymorphism","volume":"22","author":"Jha","year":"2016","journal-title":"Asian J Psychiatr"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4699","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15214699","article-title":"Uncovering the hidden dangers and molecular mechanisms of excess folate: a narrative review","volume":"15","author":"Fardous","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2443","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14122443","article-title":"Non-linear association between folate\/vitamin B12 status and cognitive function in older adults","volume":"14","author":"Ding","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref37","volume-title":"Vitamin B12 (cobalamin)","author":"Al Amin","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1186\/s12934-017-0631-y","article-title":"Microbial production of vitamin B12: a review and future perspectives","volume":"16","author":"Fang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Microb Cell Factories"},{"key":"ref39","volume-title":"Vitamin B12 deficiency","author":"Ankar","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref40","volume-title":"Dietary reference intakes for Thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin B6, folate, vitamin B12, pantothenic acid, biotin, and choline","year":"1998"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2867","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12092867","article-title":"B vitamins and one-carbon metabolism: implications in human health and disease","volume":"12","author":"Lyon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox12020470","article-title":"Oxidative stress in depression: the link with the stress response, neuroinflammation, serotonin, neurogenesis and synaptic plasticity","volume":"12","author":"Correia","year":"2023","journal-title":"Antioxidants"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2016.08.009","article-title":"One-carbon metabolism in health and disease","volume":"25","author":"Ducker","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2948","DOI":"10.2174\/0929867325666180313105949","article-title":"Homocysteine and hyperhomocysteinaemia","volume":"26","author":"Zaric","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr Med Chem"},{"key":"ref45","volume-title":"Hyperhomocysteinemia","author":"Son","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1111\/fcp.12145","article-title":"Homocysteine excess: delineating the possible mechanism of neurotoxicity and depression","volume":"29","author":"Bhatia","year":"2015","journal-title":"Fundam Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1080\/1028415X.2019.1665854","article-title":"Protective effects of vitamin D on neurophysiologic alterations in brain aging: role of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)","volume":"24","author":"Khairy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutr Neurosci"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/sigtrans.2017.23","article-title":"NF-\u03baB signaling in inflammation","volume":"2","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Target Ther"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115918","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2023.115918","article-title":"Antidepressant mechanisms of ketamine\u2019s action: NF-\u03baB in the spotlight","volume":"218","author":"Soko\u0142owska","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biochem Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102076","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jksus.2022.102076","article-title":"Association between the 5-methyl tetrahydrofolate reductase (5-MTHFR) and integrin \u03923 subunit (ITGB3) genes polymorphism and major depressive disorder","volume":"34","author":"Alhomrani","year":"2022","journal-title":"J King Saud Univ"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881104047285","article-title":"The MTHFR C677T polymorphism is associated with depressive episodes in patients from Northern Ireland","volume":"18","author":"Kelly","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.b.32209","article-title":"Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) genetic variation and major depressive disorder prognosis: a five-year prospective cohort study of primary care attendees","volume":"165","author":"Bousman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2015.05.003","article-title":"MTHFR: genetic variants, expression analysis and COMT interaction in major depressive disorder","volume":"183","author":"Gabriela Nielsen","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2008.08.002","article-title":"Polymorphic variants of genes encoding MTHFR, MTR, and MTHFD1 and the risk of depression in postmenopausal women in Poland","volume":"61","author":"S\u0142opien","year":"2008","journal-title":"Maturitas"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1097\/PSY.0b013e31821a1ab4","article-title":"The folate hydrolase 1561C>T polymorphism is associated with depressive symptoms in Puerto Rican adults","volume":"73","author":"Ye","year":"2011","journal-title":"Psychosom Med"},{"key":"ref56","volume-title":"Vitamin D deficiency","author":"Sizar","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1080\/10408363.2022.2070595","article-title":"Vitamin D: sources, physiological role, biokinetics, deficiency, therapeutic use, toxicity, and overview of analytical methods for detection of vitamin D and its metabolites","volume":"59","author":"Janou\u0161ek","year":"2022","journal-title":"Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106605","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2022.106605","article-title":"Vitamin D protects against depression: evidence from an umbrella meta-analysis on interventional and observational meta-analyses","volume":"187","author":"Musazadeh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pharmacol Res"},{"key":"ref59","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref60","volume-title":"Vitamin D","author":"Chauhan","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1007\/s13668-022-00441-0","article-title":"Is vitamin D important in anxiety or depression? What is the truth?","volume":"11","author":"Akp\u0131nar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr Nutr Rep"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101957","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchemneu.2021.101957","article-title":"The role of monoamine oxidase enzymes in the pathophysiology of neurological disorders","volume":"114","author":"Jones","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Chem Neuroanat"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2020.01.168","article-title":"Vitamin D and inflammation in major depressive disorder","volume":"267","author":"Grudet","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2023.05.069","article-title":"Relation of serum BDNF to major depression and exploration of mechanistic roles of serum BDNF in a study of vitamin D3 and omega-3 supplements for late-life depression prevention","volume":"163","author":"Vyas","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11784","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2022.2096560","article-title":"The effect of vitamin D supplementation on depressive symptoms in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"63","author":"Mikola","year":"2023","journal-title":"Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2145","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)61340-X","article-title":"Global, regional, and national disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for 306 diseases and injuries and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 188 countries, 1990-2013: quantifying the epidemiological transition","volume":"386","author":"Murray","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1647","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-15421-7","article-title":"Genome-wide association study identifies 143 loci associated with 25 hydroxyvitamin D concentration","volume":"11","author":"Revez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22394","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-79388-7","article-title":"Vitamin D moderates the interaction between 5-HTTLPR and childhood abuse in depressive disorders","volume":"10","author":"Bonk","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1159\/000492497","article-title":"A high-protein\/low-fat diet may interact with vitamin D-binding protein gene variants to moderate the risk of depression in apparently healthy adults","volume":"11","author":"Pooyan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lifestyle Genom"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-024-02997-7","article-title":"Vitamin D, chronic pain, and depression: linear and non-linear mendelian randomization analyses","volume":"14","author":"Bassett","year":"2024","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114713","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2022.114713","article-title":"Association of VDBP (rs4588 and rs7041) gene polymorphisms with susceptibility to postpartum depression in south Indian population: a cross-sectional study","volume":"316","author":"Pillai","year":"2022","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2007.07.001","article-title":"VDR gene variants associate with cognitive function and depressive symptoms in old age","volume":"30","author":"Kuningas","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neurobiol Aging"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.2023.32","article-title":"Effect of 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels on the internalising dimension as a transdiagnostic risk factor: mendelian randomisation study","volume":"222","author":"Konzok","year":"2023","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.24869\/psyd.2017.179","article-title":"Vitamin D levels and vitamin D receptor gene polymorphism in major depression","volume":"29","author":"Sahin Can","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychiatr Danub"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1554","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.112.161828","article-title":"Status of Vitamins B-12 and B-6 but Not of Folate, Homocysteine, and the Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase C677T Polymorphism Are Associated with Impaired Cognition and Depression in Adults","volume":"142","author":"Moorthy","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Nutr."},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1054","DOI":"10.1038\/ejcn.2017.97","article-title":"Association studies of genetic scores of serum vitamin B12 and folate levels with symptoms of depression and anxiety in two Danish population studies","volume":"71","author":"M\u00f8llehave","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Nutr."},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-2004-6313","article-title":"Homocysteine, Alzheimer genes and proteins, and measures of cognition and depression in older men","volume":"6","author":"Flicker","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1097\/00041444-200412000-00012","article-title":"Genetic analysis of the thermolabile methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase variant in schizophrenia and mood disorders","volume":"14","author":"Tan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Psychiatr Genet."},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1017\/S1092852912000430","article-title":"Prevalence of MTHFR C677T and MS A2756G polymorphisms in major depressive disorder, and their impact on response to fluoxetine treatment","volume":"17","author":"Mischoulon","year":"2012","journal-title":"CNS Spectr."},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1097\/01.pra.0000407963.26981.a6","article-title":"Comparison of the frequency of the methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase (MTHFR) C677T Polymorphism in Depressed Versus Nondepressed Patients","volume":"17","author":"Lizer","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Pract."},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0243936","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0243936","article-title":"A prospective study to explore the relationship between MTHFR C677T genotype, physiological folate levels, and postpartum psychopathology in at-risk women","volume":"15","author":"Morris","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One."},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3343","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13103343","article-title":"Vitamin D and the risks of depression and anxiety: an observational analysis and genome-wide environment interaction study","volume":"13","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutrients."},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3690","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16213690","article-title":"Micronutrients and major depression: a mendelian randomisation study","volume":"16","author":"Carnegie","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nutrients."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Nutrition"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnut.2025.1690378\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,7]],"date-time":"2025-11-07T06:24:29Z","timestamp":1762496669000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnut.2025.1690378\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,7]]},"references-count":83,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fnut.2025.1690378"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnut.2025.1690378","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-861X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-861X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,7]]},"article-number":"1690378"}}