{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,26]],"date-time":"2026-01-26T19:34:30Z","timestamp":1769456070895,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,26]],"date-time":"2026-01-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769385600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Nutr."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Shenqi compound (SQC) is an effective prescription in Chinese medicine to enhance glucose homeostasis and protect pancreatic cells from high glucose-induced damage. However, the protection mechanism remains unclear.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To investigate the effect of SQC on INS-1 cell secretion and evaluate the associated mechanisms.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>INS-1 cells were cultured in serum augmented with or without NOD1 inhibitor ML130 (2\u03bcM) for 1 h, then exposed into a high glucose (50 mM) condition to simulate type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) for 24 h and treated with different concentrations (0, 5, 10, 15, 20%) of SQC in serum for another 24 h. Then, the cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) method, glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) assay, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), real-time fluorescence quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), and Western blot were performed for further investigation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Under high glucose conditions, 15% SQC was the optimal therapeutic concentration, significantly improved INS-1 cell viability (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.032) and enhanced insulin secretion (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &amp;lt; 0.0001). Ultrastructural analysis showed that after high glucose stimulation in GSIS, especially at 20 min, 15% SQC significantly increased both the total density (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.143) and the mature ratio (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.003) of insulin secretory vesicles. Furthermore, 15% SQC facilitated the dynamic transport of vesicles toward the cell membrane, evidenced by an increased vesicle density within 300 nm of the membrane at 10 min, followed by a subsequent decrease at 20 min\u2014a trend consistent with that observed in the control group. Moreover, at the molecular level, 15% SQC intervention markedly up-regulated NOD1 and RIP2 protein expression (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.029 and\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &amp;lt; 0.0001) and transcription (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.886 and\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.393) levels, while ML130 reversed the activation of the NOD1\/RIP2 pathway.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>SQC promotes the maturation and transport of insulin secretory vesicles, thereby enhancing the secretory function of INS-1 cells in response to high glucose-induced damage. This protective effect may be associated with the activation of the NOD1\/RIP2 signaling pathway.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2025.1690849","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,26]],"date-time":"2026-01-26T09:24:34Z","timestamp":1769419474000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Shenqi compound enhances pancreatic \u03b2-cell secretion by promoting the maturation and transport of insulin secretory vesicles through the NOD1\/RIP2 signaling pathway"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Nairong","family":"Yao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine","place":["Chengdu, Sichuan, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yiqian","family":"Xing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of 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