{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T20:25:42Z","timestamp":1782851142248,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":13,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]],"date-time":"2026-01-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767657600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Nutr."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Omega-3 fatty acids and prenatal vitamins support fetal growth, but most studies assess omega-3 supplementation without accounting for baseline prenatal vitamin use during pregnancy. In this secondary analysis, we obtained data from the large, prospective Nulliparous Mother-to-be (nuMoM2b) cohort study of 9,461 nulliparous individuals. Participants were enrolled through eight clinical sites across the United States. We compared adverse birth outcomes between those taking additional omega-3 supplements beyond standard prenatal vitamin intake (PNV-OM) vs. prenatal vitamins alone (PNV). PNV-OM intake was associated with significantly lower rates of preterm birth (5.04 vs. 8.41%,\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    &amp;lt; 0.001) and SGA (2.84 vs. 4.48%,\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 0.004). After adjustment for demographic and clinical differences, PNV-OM use remained associated with reduced odds of preterm birth (aOR 0.64, 95% CI: 0.47\u20130.86,\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 0.004) and SGA (aOR 0.64, 95% CI: 0.42\u20130.95,\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 0.03). However, given substantial socioeconomic differences between groups and the potential for residual confounding, these findings should be interpreted with caution. Supplemental omega-3 intake during pregnancy may provide an additive benefit beyond prenatal vitamins alone, but randomized trials are needed to determine whether this relationship is causal.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2025.1693844","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]],"date-time":"2026-01-06T05:18:13Z","timestamp":1767676693000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Omega-3 supplementation in addition to prenatal vitamins during pregnancy is associated with lower rates of preterm birth and small for gestational age"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"William","family":"Yakah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David M.","family":"Haas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William 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Dietary omega-3 fatty acid supplementation reduces inflammation in obese pregnant women: a randomized double-blind controlled clinical trial","volume":"10","author":"Haghiac","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11051107","article-title":"Maternal omega-3 nutrition, placental transfer and fetal brain development in gestational diabetes and preeclampsia","volume":"11","author":"Devarshi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nutrients."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Nutrition"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnut.2025.1693844\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]],"date-time":"2026-01-06T05:18:13Z","timestamp":1767676693000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnut.2025.1693844\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]]},"references-count":13,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fnut.2025.1693844"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnut.2025.1693844","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-861X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-861X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]]},"article-number":"1693844"}}