{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T10:05:42Z","timestamp":1783937142870,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,21]],"date-time":"2025-11-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763683200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Nutr."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Visceral adiposity indices have recently attracted considerable attention in metabolic and cardiovascular research. Here, the link between the Chinese Visceral Adiposity Index (CVAI) and gout in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) was investigated.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This cross-sectional analysis evaluated 14,099 adults with T2DM. The CVAI-gout relationship was investigated using restricted cubic spline (RCS) modeling to assess dose-responsiveness. Multivariable logistic regression was applied, with adjustments for demographic and metabolic covariates. Subgroup analyses and interaction tests were performed across clinically relevant strata, and ROC curves were applied to assess the utility of the CVAI in discriminate patients with gout.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Among all participants, 5.7% were diagnosed with gout. Higher CVAI values were linked with raised gout incidence (adjusted OR 1.07, 95% CI 1.05\u20131.09), with RCS models revealing a steadily increasing, positive association between between the CVAI and gout prevalence. After full adjustment, the top CVAI quartile showed a 2.44-fold greater prevalence of gout (95% CI 1.85\u20133.22) relative to the lowest quartile. Subgroup analyses confirmed consistent associations across various categories. ROC analysis further demonstrated that CVAI had superior discriminative ability for gout compared with traditional obesity indices.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This large-sample investigation of Chinese patients with T2DM indicated a strong positive link between the CVAI and gout, suggesting the potential of the CVAI for stratifying metabolic risk in this population.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2025.1697822","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,21]],"date-time":"2025-11-21T05:14:50Z","timestamp":1763702090000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Relationship between the Chinese visceral adiposity index and gout in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a cross-sectional population-based study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Ningyu","family":"Cai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mengdie","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ping","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yiyun","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xianping","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qidong","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)01301-6","article-title":"Global, regional, and national burden of diabetes from 1990 to 2021, with projections of prevalence to 2050: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2021.","volume":"402","author":"Ong","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e45943","DOI":"10.2196\/45943","article-title":"Global, regional, and national prevalence of gout from 1990 to 2019: age-period-cohort analysis with future burden prediction.","volume":"9","author":"He","year":"2023","journal-title":"JMIR Public Health Surveillance."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1358","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000001358","article-title":"Individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus are at an increased risk of gout, but this is not due to diabetes: a population-based cohort study.","volume":"94","author":"Wijnands","year":"2015","journal-title":"Medicine."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1554","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.16165","article-title":"Risk acceleration by gout on major adverse cardiovascular events and all-cause death in patients with diabetes and chronic kidney disease.","volume":"27","author":"Lee","year":"2025","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes Metab."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.3803\/EnM.2024.2020","article-title":"Impact of chronic kidney disease and gout on end-stage renal disease in type 2 diabetes: population-based cohort study.","volume":"39","author":"Jung","year":"2024","journal-title":"Endocrinol Metab."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.2337\/cd24-0082","article-title":"Gout: an overlooked disease in patients with diabetes? 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