{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]],"date-time":"2026-02-04T19:31:20Z","timestamp":1770233480935,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]],"date-time":"2026-02-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770163200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Nutr."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Excessive sugar-sweetened beverage consumption like cola is a worldwide public health problem. However, the effects and mechanisms of replacing water with cola (either as sugar-free cola or sugar-sweetened cola) on intestinal microbiota and overall health remain unknown, prompting this investigation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      To address this, we created a new experimental model in which cola completely replaced drinking water. Twenty-four Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into three groups (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 8): water, cola (sugar-sweetened), diet cola, for an 8-week intervention. Body weight, body length, BMI, organ indices, hematological, and serum biochemical parameters, and gut microbiota (16S rRNA gene sequencing) were determined.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Both colas resulted in immune suppression (lower thymus index and leukopenia) and decreased total protein. The cola group showed renal stress [higher blood urea nitrogen, (BUN)] and a significant increase in spleen index. The diet cola induced a significant transaminases elevation compared to the cola group. Both colas significantly altered intestinal microbiota structure, including changes in diversity and abundance (e.g., shifts in\n                      <jats:italic>Firmicutes<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>Bacteroidota<\/jats:italic>\n                      proportions and in the abundance of\n                      <jats:italic>Ligilactobacillus<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>Lactobacillus<\/jats:italic>\n                      ). Co-abundance network showed complicated relationships, mostly involving\n                      <jats:italic>Lactobacillus, Romboutsia<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and other taxa. Furthermore,\n                      <jats:italic>Bacteroidota<\/jats:italic>\n                      and unclassified\n                      <jats:italic>Lactobacillus<\/jats:italic>\n                      were significantly correlated with immune organ indices (thymus, spleen) and BUN.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Using an innovative model of complete water replacement, our study demonstrates that long-term cola consumption-whether or not sugar containing-has significant perturbative effects on gut microbiota and impairs immune and renal function. These results should warn of the impacts of regular cola intake and the need for further scrutiny of artificial sweeteners.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2025.1707842","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]],"date-time":"2026-02-04T06:47:19Z","timestamp":1770187639000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Gut dysbiosis and immune dysfunction induced by chronic cola replacement of water in rats: not just a sugar problem"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Huijie","family":"Gao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmacy, Jining Medical University, Rizhao","place":["Shandong, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wanru","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmacy, Jining Medical University, Rizhao","place":["Shandong, 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