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In recent years, food bioactives\u2014such as polyphenols, carotenoids, and saponins\u2014have attracted growing interest for their multi-target and low-toxicity profiles in the prevention and management of OP. This review systematically elaborates the protective roles and underlying molecular mechanisms of these compounds against OP. Polyphenols exert beneficial effects through antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and bone metabolism-regulating properties, as well as via modulation of the gut\u2013bone axis. Their mechanisms involve key signaling pathways, including PI3K\/Akt, sirtuin 1 (SIRT1)\/forkhead box O3a (FOXO3a), Hippo\/YAP, reactive oxygen species (ROS)\/HIF-1\u03b1, and Wnt\/\u03b2-catenin. Carotenoids, which are potent antioxidants, contribute to a reduced risk of OP by alleviating oxidative stress and cellular senescence, including the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP). Saponins regulate bone remodeling bidirectionally through pathways such as PI3K\/Akt\/mTOR, bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2)\/runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2), and RANKL\/osteoprotegerin (OPG). They also inhibit NF-\u03baB\/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling and downregulate osteoclast-related transcription factors, including c-Fos and NFATc1. Given their efficacy and safety, food bioactives represent a valuable source of novel nutraceuticals for bone health.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2025.1730053","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,12]],"date-time":"2026-01-12T05:44:17Z","timestamp":1768196657000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Plant-derived food bioactives in bone health: from multi-targeted roles to molecular mechanisms in osteoporosis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Yi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lijuan","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haofeng","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yiran","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linxiao","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shasha","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2018.00981","article-title":"Bone health and natural products- an insight","volume":"9","author":"Suvarna","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2137","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-022-06454-3","article-title":"Global, regional prevalence, and risk factors of osteoporosis according to the World Health Organization diagnostic criteria: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"33","author":"Xiao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1518","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-024-18932-w","article-title":"Prevalence rate of primary osteoporosis in China: a meta-analysis","volume":"24","author":"Lyu","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Public Health."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-022-06657-8","article-title":"Brind'Amour K, Fujiwara S, Ha Y-C, Tang H, Hwang J-S, et al. 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