{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]],"date-time":"2026-02-24T08:40:34Z","timestamp":1771922434758,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]],"date-time":"2026-01-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768521600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"VDF FutureCeuticals, Inc., a part of the Van Drunen Farms Family of Companies"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Nutr."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The effects of a proprietary blend of organic fruit and vegetable fibers rich in naturally occurring bound polyphenols (commercially known as NatureKnit\u2122 Organic) on the human gut microbiome were assessed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Short-term (48\u202fh)\n                      <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      colonic simulations using the validated Mucosal Simulator of the Human Intestinal Microbial Ecosystem (M-SHIME\n                      <jats:sup>\u00ae<\/jats:sup>\n                      ) platform, with fecal inoculum from nine individual healthy human donors, were performed. Purified organic fibers (inulin and psyllium) were evaluated as comparators and a negative control was included. Primary measures included pH, gas pressure, short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production, and microbial community composition.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      All test products were well fermented with NatureKnit\u2122 Organic showing slower fermentation kinetics than the purified fibers. SCFAs were significantly increased with all test products versus the negative control (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f&amp;lt;\u202f0.0001 for all) and NatureKnit\u2122 Organic reached significance versus both purified fibers (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f&amp;lt;\u202f0.0001 for both). While relative abundances in the mucosal compartment were similar among all test conditions, luminal bacterial abundance increased with NatureKnit\u2122 Organic and psyllium versus the negative control. The latter was mainly associated with statistically increased abundance (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f&amp;lt;\u202f0.05) of the genera\n                      <jats:italic>Eisenbergiella<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>Monoglobus<\/jats:italic>\n                      , with an additional strong enrichment of\n                      <jats:italic>Bacteroidaceae<\/jats:italic>\n                      . Furthermore, bacterial species richness was significantly increased with NatureKnit\u2122 Organic versus the negative control (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f0.0495), which was not observed for the purified organic fibers (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f0.0567 and\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f0.4285 for inulin and psyllium, respectively).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Overall, the obtained results indicate that NatureKnit\u2122 Organic may have a greater and gentler prebiotic effect compared with established purified prebiotic fibers.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2025.1740906","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]],"date-time":"2026-01-16T23:07:11Z","timestamp":1768604831000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effects of NatureKnit\u2122 organic, a blend of organic fruit and vegetable fibers rich in naturally occurring bound polyphenols, on the metabolic activity and community composition of the human gut microbiome using the M-SHIME\u00ae gastrointestinal model"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Marlies","family":"Govaert","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"ProDigest","place":["Ghent, Belgium"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cindy","family":"Duysburgh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ProDigest","place":["Ghent, Belgium"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Brendan","family":"Kesler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Van Drunen Farms and Futureceuticals","place":["Momence, IL, United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Massimo","family":"Marzorati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ProDigest","place":["Ghent, Belgium"]},{"name":"Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology (CMET), Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, University of Ghent","place":["Ghent, Belgium"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1017\/S095442241700004X","article-title":"Dietary fibre in Europe: current state of knowledge on definitions, sources, recommendations, intakes and relationships to health","volume":"30","author":"Stephen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nutr Res Rev"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10040504","article-title":"Dietary fiber intake and metabolic syndrome risk factors among young south African adults","volume":"10","author":"Sekgala","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10050599","article-title":"Dietary fibre intake in Australia. Paper I: associations with demographic, socio-economic, and anthropometric factors","volume":"10","author":"Fayet-Moore","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"593735","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2020.593735","article-title":"Association between dietary fiber intake and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in adults","volume":"7","author":"Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Nutr"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2479573","DOI":"10.1080\/0886022X.2025.2479573","article-title":"Analysis of correlation between dietary fiber intake and risk of diabetic kidney disease in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus: results from the United States National Health and nutrition examination surveys 2009\u20132018","volume":"47","author":"Luo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ren Fail"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-022-03558-6","article-title":"Associations between dietary fiber intake and mortality from all causes, cardiovascular disease and cancer: a prospective study","volume":"20","author":"Xu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Transl Med"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1106","DOI":"10.3390\/nu2111106","article-title":"Polyphenols and human health: prevention of disease and mechanisms of action","volume":"2","author":"Vauzour","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15194134","article-title":"Effects of polyphenol-rich foods on chronic diseases","volume":"15","author":"Goya","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1039\/9781788013208-00001","article-title":"The story of the introduction of non-extractable polyphenols into polyphenol research: origin, development and perspectives","volume-title":"Non-extractable polyphenols and carotenoids: Importance in human nutrition and health","author":"Saura-Calixto","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1039\/9781788013208-00017","article-title":"CHAPTER 2: dietary Fiber and non-extractable polyphenols","volume-title":"Non-extractable polyphenols and carotenoids: Importance in human nutrition and health","author":"Macagnan","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7676","DOI":"10.1021\/jf071291z","article-title":"A new procedure to measure the antioxidant activity of insoluble food components","volume":"55","author":"Serpen","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Agric Food Chem"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfca.2019.01.018","article-title":"Characterization and quantification of tannins, flavonols, anthocyanins and matrix-bound polyphenols from Jaboticaba fruit peel: a comparison between Myrciaria trunciflora and M. Jaboticaba","volume":"78","author":"Quatrin","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Food Compos Anal"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2022.134231","article-title":"The positive correlation of antioxidant activity and prebiotic effect about oat phenolic compounds","volume":"402","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food Chem"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17429","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules200917429","article-title":"Metabolic and microbial modulation of the large intestine ecosystem by non-absorbed diet phenolic compounds: a review","volume":"20","author":"Mosele","year":"2015","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.3390\/foods8030092","article-title":"Prebiotics: definition, types, sources, mechanisms, and clinical applications","volume":"8","author":"Davani-Davari","year":"2019","journal-title":"Foods"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100329","DOI":"10.1016\/j.advnut.2024.100329","article-title":"Revisiting the concepts of prebiotic and prebiotic effect in light of scientific and regulatory progress-a consensus paper from the global prebiotic association","volume":"15","author":"Deehan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv Nutr"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4615-5967-2_22","article-title":"Health benefits of non-digestible oligosaccharides","volume":"427","author":"Roberfroid","year":"1997","journal-title":"Adv Exp Med Biol"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"nzy005","DOI":"10.1093\/cdn\/nzy005","article-title":"Health effects and sources of prebiotic dietary fiber","volume":"2","author":"Carlson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr Dev Nutr"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0162604","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0162604","article-title":"An in vitro approach to study effects of prebiotics and probiotics on the faecal microbiota and selected immune parameters relevant to the elderly","volume":"11","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6941.2009.00712.x","article-title":"Comparison of prebiotic effects of arabinoxylan oligosaccharides and inulin in a simulator of the human intestinal microbial ecosystem","volume":"69","author":"Grootaert","year":"2009","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol Ecol"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1103","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.22007","article-title":"Descriptive epidemiology of colorectal cancer in the United States, 1998-2001","volume":"107","author":"Jackson-Thompson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.3945\/an.112.002154","article-title":"Health benefits of fruits and vegetables","volume":"3","author":"Slavin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Adv Nutr"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1266","DOI":"10.3390\/nu2121266","article-title":"Effects of dietary fiber and its components on metabolic health","volume":"2","author":"Lattimer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1968","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2016-313271","article-title":"Prebiotic inulin-type fructans induce specific changes in the human gut microbiota","volume":"66","author":"Vandeputte","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1093\/advances\/nmab119","article-title":"The prebiotic potential of inulin-type fructans: a systematic review","volume":"13","author":"Hughes","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv Nutr"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1417","DOI":"10.3390\/nu5041417","article-title":"Fiber and prebiotics: mechanisms and health benefits","volume":"5","author":"Slavin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-022-01307-x","article-title":"Microbiota responses to different prebiotics are conserved within individuals and associated with habitual fiber intake","volume":"10","author":"Holmes","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2559","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14132559","article-title":"Effects of dietary fibers on short-chain fatty acids and gut microbiota composition in healthy adults: a systematic review","volume":"14","author":"Vinelli","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12506","article-title":"Richness of human gut microbiome correlates with metabolic markers","volume":"500","author":"Le Chatelier","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1500","DOI":"10.3390\/nu5051500","article-title":"Fermentation profiles of wheat dextrin, inulin and partially hydrolyzed guar gum using an in vitro digestion pretreatment and in vitro batch fermentation system model","volume":"5","author":"Noack","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"H137","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1750-3841.2011.02172.x","article-title":"In vitro batch fecal fermentation comparison of gas and short-chain fatty acid production using \"slowly fermentable\" dietary fibers","volume":"76","author":"Kaur","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Food Sci"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12010007","article-title":"A systematic review of organic versus conventional food consumption: is there a measurable benefit on human health?","volume":"12","author":"Vigar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2016.11.008","article-title":"Efficiency control of dietary pesticide intake reduction by human biomonitoring","volume":"220","author":"Goen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Hyg Environ Health"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2014.03.021","article-title":"Reduction in urinary organophosphate pesticide metabolites in adults after a week-long organic diet","volume":"132","author":"Oates","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms13030613","article-title":"Effects of NatureKnit, a blend of fruit and vegetable fibers rich in naturally occurring bound polyphenols, on the metabolic activity and community composition of the human gut microbiome using the M-SHIME((R)) gastrointestinal model","volume":"13","author":"Govaert","year":"2025","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resmic.2013.01.007","article-title":"Efficient cryopreservation protocol enables accessibility of a broad range of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria for the scientific community","volume":"164","author":"Hoefman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Res Microbiol"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1111\/1751-7915.12049","article-title":"Prebiotics, faecal transplants and microbial network units to stimulate biodiversity of the human gut microbiome","volume":"6","author":"Van den Abbeele","year":"2013","journal-title":"Microb Biotechnol"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-7915.2011.00308.x","article-title":"Incorporating a mucosal environment in a dynamic gut model results in a more representative colonization by lactobacilli","volume":"5","author":"Van den Abbeele","year":"2012","journal-title":"Microb Biotechnol"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5237","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00759-10","article-title":"Microbial community development in a dynamic gut model is reproducible, colon region specific, and selective for Bacteroidetes and Clostridium cluster IX","volume":"76","author":"Van den Abbeele","year":"2010","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00228615","article-title":"Development of a 5-step multi-chamber reactor as a simulation of the human intestinal microbial ecosystem","volume":"39","author":"Molly","year":"1993","journal-title":"Appl Microbiol Biotechnol"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1862","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/136.7.1862","article-title":"The prenylflavonoid isoxanthohumol from hops (Humulus lupulus L.) is activated into the potent phytoestrogen 8-prenylnaringenin in vitro and in the human intestine","volume":"136","author":"Possemiers","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1038\/ismej.2012.158","article-title":"Butyrate-producing Clostridium cluster XIVa species specifically colonize mucins in an in vitro gut model","volume":"7","author":"Van den Abbeele","year":"2013","journal-title":"ISME J"},{"key":"ref43","first-page":"305","article-title":"The simulator of the human intestinal microbial ecosystem (SHIME((R)))","volume-title":"The impact of food bioactives on health: In vitro and ex vivo models","author":"de Van Wiele","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2808","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12092808","article-title":"Effects of human milk oligosaccharides on the adult gut microbiota and barrier function","volume":"12","author":"Suligoj","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1007\/s11130-023-01043-z","article-title":"Age-dependent prebiotic effects of soluble corn fiber in M-SHIME((R)) gut microbial ecosystems","volume":"78","author":"Arroyo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Plant Foods Hum Nutr"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2021.130233","article-title":"The bioavailability of soybean polysaccharides and their metabolites on gut microbiota in the simulator of the human intestinal microbial ecosystem (SHIME)","volume":"362","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Chem"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118961","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2022.118961","article-title":"Effect of daily co-exposure to inulin and chlorpyrifos on selected microbiota endpoints in the SHIME\u00ae model","volume":"302","author":"Joly Condette","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ Pollut"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110292","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2021.110292","article-title":"Probiotic infant cereal improves children's gut microbiota: insights using the simulator of human intestinal microbial ecosystem (SHIME(R))","volume":"143","author":"Salgaco","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Res Int"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6941.2010.00974.x","article-title":"Human faecal microbiota display variable patterns of glycerol metabolism","volume":"74","author":"De Weirdt","year":"2010","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol Ecol"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1080\/03067310902962528","article-title":"A new approach to indophenol blue method for determination of ammonium in geothermal waters with high mineral content","volume":"90","author":"Tzollas","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Environ Anal Chem"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100021","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpx.2019.100021","article-title":"A synbiotic concept containing spore-forming Bacillus strains and a prebiotic fiber blend consistently enhanced metabolic activity by modulation of the gut microbiome in vitro","volume":"1","author":"Duysburgh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Pharm X"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gks808","article-title":"Evaluation of general 16S ribosomal RNA gene PCR primers for classical and next-generation sequencing-based diversity studies","volume":"41","author":"Klindworth","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5112","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01043-13","article-title":"Development of a dual-index sequencing strategy and curation pipeline for analyzing amplicon sequence data on the MiSeq Illumina sequencing platform","volume":"79","author":"Kozich","year":"2013","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3219","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02810-10","article-title":"Assessing and improving methods used in operational taxonomic unit-based approaches for 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis","volume":"77","author":"Schloss","year":"2011","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5261","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00062-07","article-title":"Naive Bayesian classifier for rapid assignment of rRNA sequences into the new bacterial taxonomy","volume":"73","author":"Wang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1038\/nature24460","article-title":"Quantitative microbiome profiling links gut community variation to microbial load","volume":"551","author":"Vandeputte","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e61217","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0061217","article-title":"Phyloseq: an R package for reproducible interactive analysis and graphics of microbiome census data","volume":"8","author":"McMurdie","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R60","DOI":"10.1186\/gb-2011-12-6-r60","article-title":"Metagenomic biomarker discovery and explanation","volume":"12","author":"Segata","year":"2011","journal-title":"Genome Biol"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1186\/s13059-021-02368-1","article-title":"treeclimbR pinpoints the data-dependent resolution of hierarchical hypotheses","volume":"22","author":"Huang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Genome Biol"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2383","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2021-324891","article-title":"Dietary fibres and IBS: translating functional characteristics to clinical value in the era of personalised medicine","volume":"70","author":"So","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2073","DOI":"10.1042\/CS20160263","article-title":"Distal, not proximal, colonic acetate infusions promote fat oxidation and improve metabolic markers in overweight\/obese men","volume":"130","author":"van der Beek","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Sci Lond"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107409","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultsonch.2025.107409","article-title":"Study on the ultrasonic treatment of black rice dietary fiber and its effect on anthocyanin adsorption","volume":"119","author":"Gao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ultrason Sonochem"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1159","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16081159","article-title":"In vitro fermentation shows polyphenol and fiber blends have an additive beneficial effect on gut microbiota states","volume":"16","author":"Whitman","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1097\/NT.0000000000000082","article-title":"Evidence-based approach to fiber supplements and clinically meaningful health benefits, part 1: what to look for and how to recommend an effective fiber therapy","volume":"50","author":"McRorie","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutr Today"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18222","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-54696-9","article-title":"Deciphering the metabolic capabilities of Bifidobacteria using genome-scale metabolic models","volume":"9","author":"Devika","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms8040573","article-title":"The controversial role of human gut Lachnospiraceae","volume":"8","author":"Vacca","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2100408","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.202100408","article-title":"Short-chain fatty acids produced by Ruminococcaceae mediate alpha-linolenic acid promote intestinal stem cells proliferation","volume":"66","author":"Xie","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol Nutr Food Res"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1288222","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2024.1288222","article-title":"Bacteroidaceae, Bacteroides, and Veillonella: emerging protectors against graves' disease","volume":"14","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1461","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-018-0272-x","article-title":"Interactions between Roseburia intestinalis and diet modulate atherogenesis in a murine model","volume":"3","author":"Kasahara","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Microbiol"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1002\/phar.2731","article-title":"Gut microbiome health and dysbiosis: a clinical primer","volume":"42","author":"Bidell","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pharmacotherapy"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aninu.2021.09.012","article-title":"The interaction among gut microbes, the intestinal barrier and short chain fatty acids","volume":"9","author":"Ma","year":"2022","journal-title":"Anim Nutr"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2863","DOI":"10.3390\/foods11182863","article-title":"Health benefits and side effects of short-chain fatty acids","volume":"11","author":"Xiong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Foods"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20180448","article-title":"The gut microbiome: relationships with disease and opportunities for therapy","volume":"216","author":"Durack","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-022-00974-4","article-title":"Microbiota in health and diseases","volume":"7","author":"Hou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Target Ther"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11319","volume":"488","author":"Claesson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6951091","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/6951091","article-title":"Involvement of reduced microbial diversity in inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"2016","author":"Gong","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gastroenterol Res Pract"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-017-1052-0","article-title":"Comparative analysis of gut microbiota associated with body mass index in a large Korean cohort","volume":"17","author":"Yun","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2118811","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.18811","article-title":"Association of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes with gut microbial diversity: a microbiome-wide analysis from population studies","volume":"4","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"943427","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.943427","article-title":"Gut microbiota composition in prediabetes and newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes: a systematic review of observational studies","volume":"12","author":"Letchumanan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1949096","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2021.1949096","article-title":"Dysbiotic microbiota interactions in Crohn's disease","volume":"13","author":"Caparros","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104055","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2022.104055","article-title":"Gut dysbiosis in rheumatic diseases: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 92 observational studies","volume":"80","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Nutrition"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnut.2025.1740906\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]],"date-time":"2026-02-24T07:35:47Z","timestamp":1771918547000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnut.2025.1740906\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]]},"references-count":81,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fnut.2025.1740906"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnut.2025.1740906","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-861X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-861X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]]},"article-number":"1740906"}}