{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T18:29:55Z","timestamp":1790620195418,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":115,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768262400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Nutr."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Tea, among the most widely consumed beverages worldwide, is rich in polyphenolic compounds known as catechins, particularly epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG). This review aims to synthesize recent findings and ongoing controversies concerning the role of tea-derived catechins in gynecologic diseases while also outlining key priorities for future research to address existing knowledge gaps. A comprehensive literature search was conducted across the following electronic databases: PubMed, Medline, Embase, Cochrane Library, CINAHL, Web of Science, Scopus, Google Scholar, and ScienceDirect. Epigallocatechin gallate molecules exhibit diverse biological activities, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiproliferative, and epigenetic effects, primarily through the modulation of key cellular pathways such as PI3K\/Akt, MAPK, and NF-\u03baB. Growing evidence from\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro, in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and limited clinical studies suggests that catechins may be of therapeutic value in the treatment of gynecological conditions, including endometrial, ovarian, cervical, and vulvar cancers, as well as non-neoplastic disorders such as polycystic ovary syndrome and endometriosis. EGCG, as both an antioxidant and a pro-oxidant, has been shown to sensitize cancer cells to chemotherapy, regulate hormonal imbalances, and suppress inflammatory responses. However, discrepancies in findings between studies, largely due to heterogeneity in dosage, bioavailability, and study design, limit definitive conclusions. While promising, these compounds require validation through robust, large-scale, and standardized clinical trials to define optimal dosing strategies, assess long-term safety, and determine their roles in routine gynecological practice.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2025.1746959","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T05:16:04Z","timestamp":1768281364000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Therapeutic potential of epigallocatechin gallate in gynecologic cancer, endometriosis, polycystic ovary syndrome: a mechanistic and translational perspective"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Nazl\u0131 Tunca","family":"Sanlier","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u0130nci","family":"Turkoglu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Koray Gorkem","family":"Sacinti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nevin","family":"Sanlier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2017.03.028","article-title":"Characterization of white tea metabolome: comparison against green and black tea by a nontargeted metabolomics approach","volume":"96","author":"Dai","year":"2017","journal-title":"Food Res Int"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2018.04.117","article-title":"Contribution of l-theanine to the formation of 2,5-dimethylpyrazine, a key roasted peanutty flavor in oolong tea during manufacturing processes","volume":"263","author":"Guo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Chem"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox8070215","article-title":"Phenolic profiles and antioxidant activities of 30 tea infusions from green, black, oolong, white, yellow and dark teas","volume":"8","author":"Zhao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Antioxidants (Basel)"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109909","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2019.109909","article-title":"Gold nanoparticle-assisted enhancement in the anti-cancer properties of theaflavin against human ovarian cancer cells","volume":"104","author":"Maity","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mam.2017.10.003","article-title":"Nutrition epidemiology of flavan-3-ols: the known unknowns","volume":"61","author":"Kuhnle","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol Asp Med"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfca.2017.12.016","article-title":"Screening the cultivar and processing factors based on the flavonoid profiles of dry teas using principal component analysis","volume":"67","author":"Zheng","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Food Compos Anal"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24010340","article-title":"Therapeutic effects of green tea polyphenol (\u2212)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) in relation to molecular pathways controlling inflammation, oxidative stress, and apoptosis","volume":"24","author":"Mokra","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-024-04436-y","article-title":"Epigallocatechin-3-gallate attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced pneumonia via modification of inflammation, oxidative stress, apoptosis, and autophagy","volume":"24","author":"Shen","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Complement Med Ther"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2020.110186","article-title":"A review for physiological activities of EGCG and the role in improving fertility in humans\/mammals","volume":"127","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomed Pharmacother"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"862","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15030862","article-title":"Green tea in reproductive cancers: could treatment be as simple?","volume":"15","author":"Parish","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1439","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15061439","article-title":"Green tea and benign gynecologic disorders: a new trick for an old beverage?","volume":"15","author":"Hazimeh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14640","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-93890-w","article-title":"Therapeutic effects and potential mechanisms of caffeine on obese polycystic ovary syndrome: Bioinformatic analysis and experimental validation","volume":"15","author":"Bai","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s41702-020-0057-8","article-title":"Activity of catechins and their applications","volume":"4","author":"Bae","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomed Dermatol"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1050","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox9111050","article-title":"Impacts of green tea on joint and skeletal muscle health: prospects of translational nutrition","volume":"9","author":"Luk","year":"2020","journal-title":"Antioxidants (Basel)"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2021.06.006","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms underlying health benefits of tea compounds","volume":"172","author":"Shang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Free Radic Biol Med"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2650","DOI":"10.1039\/c7fo00611j","article-title":"Healthy properties of green and white teas: an update","volume":"8","author":"Pastoriza","year":"2017","journal-title":"Food Funct"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3744","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.8b06681","article-title":"Effects of tea-polysaccharide conjugates and metal ions on precipitate formation by epigallocatechin gallate and caffeine, the key components of green tea infusion","volume":"67","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Agric Food Chem"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.26656\/fr.2017.5(3).49","article-title":"Bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity of black and green tea available in Bangladesh","volume":"5","author":"Rahman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Res"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.4172\/2155-9821.1000301","article-title":"Review on health benefit and risk of coffee consumption","volume":"6","author":"Wachamo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Medic Aromat Plants"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6196","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20246196","article-title":"Health functions and related molecular mechanisms of tea components: an update review","volume":"20","author":"Tang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjbs.2022.03.025","article-title":"A study of chemical composition, antioxidants, and volatile compounds in roasted Arabic coffee","volume":"29","author":"Alamri","year":"2022","journal-title":"Saudi J Biol Sci"},{"key":"ref22","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6703","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23126703","article-title":"Antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, anti-obesogenic, and antidiabetic properties of tea polyphenols\u2014the positive impact of regular tea consumption as an element of prophylaxis and pharmacotherapy support in endometrial cancer","volume":"23","author":"Olcha","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.1080\/09637486.2017.1285870","article-title":"Dietary sources of polyphenols in the Mediterranean healthy eating, aging and lifestyle (MEAL) study cohort","volume":"68","author":"Godos","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Food Sci Nutr"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rbmo.2017.02.006","article-title":"Potential role of green tea catechins in the management of oxidative stress-associated infertility","volume":"34","author":"Roychoudhury","year":"2017","journal-title":"Reprod Biomed Online"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9723686","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/9723686","article-title":"Prooxidant effects of epigallocatechin-3-gallate in health benefits and potential adverse effect","volume":"2020","author":"Ouyang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Oxidative Med Cell Longev"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1186\/s13020-020-00405-y","article-title":"Catechins from oolong tea improve uterine defects by inhibiting STAT3 signaling in polycystic ovary syndrome mice","volume":"15","author":"Hong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chin Med"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2675","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26092675","article-title":"Beneficial effects of green tea catechins on female reproductive disorders: a review","volume":"26","author":"Kamal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16040559","article-title":"Epigallocatechin gallate for the treatment of benign and malignant gynecological diseases\u2014focus on epigenetic mechanisms","volume":"16","author":"W\u0142odarczyk","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121976","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2024.121976","article-title":"Structure elucidation and anticancer activity of a heteropolysaccharide from white tea","volume":"333","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Carbohydr Polym"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0309795","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0309795","article-title":"Camellia sinensis methanolic leaves extract: phytochemical analysis and anticancer activity against human liver cancer cells","volume":"19","author":"Hanna","year":"2024","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref32","first-page":"403","article-title":"White tea: an emerging gift of nature and bioprospection towards the development of novel herbal formulations, nutraceuticals, and cosmetics","volume-title":"Advances in medicinal and aromatic plants","author":"Mukherjee","year":"2025"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1186\/s12935-024-03632-7","article-title":"The interplay of exercise and green tea: a new road in cancer therapy","volume":"25","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cancer Cell Int"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3743","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21113743","article-title":"Urinary 8-OHdG as a biomarker for oxidative stress: a systematic literature review and meta-analysis","volume":"21","author":"Graille","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8950","DOI":"10.1080\/21655979.2022.2056825","article-title":"Epigallocatechin gallate attenuates TNF-\u03b1-induced inhibition of osteoblastic differentiation by up-regulating lncRNA TUG1 in osteoporosis","volume":"13","author":"Han","year":"2022","journal-title":"Bioengineered"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1867","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.101483","article-title":"Matcha green tea inhibits the propagation of cancer stem cells","volume":"10","author":"Bonuccelli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Aging (Albany NY)"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9105261","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/9105261","article-title":"Green tea catechins: their use in treating and preventing infectious diseases","volume":"2018","author":"Reygaert","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2016.1231168","article-title":"Absorption, metabolism, anti-cancer effect and molecular targets of epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG): an updated review","volume":"58","author":"Gan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1631\/jzus.B1600022","article-title":"Green tea polyphenols induce cell death in breast cancer MCF-7 cells through cell cycle arrest and mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis","volume":"18","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Zhejiang Univ Sci B"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3630","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20153630","article-title":"Function of green tea catechins in the brain: EGCG and its metabolites","volume":"20","author":"Pervin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.3390\/beverages3010017","article-title":"Green tea and its extracts in cancer prevention and treatment","volume":"3","author":"Schulze","year":"2017","journal-title":"Beverages"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.4103\/jnsbm.JNSBM_46_17","article-title":"Tea polyphenols and prevention of epigenetic aberrations in cancer","volume":"9","author":"Bag","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Nat Sci Biol Med"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111650","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2021.111650","article-title":"Phytochemicals in cancer and their effect on PI3K\/AKT-mediated signalling","volume":"139","author":"Issinger","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomed Pharmacother"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13758","DOI":"10.1111\/jfbc.13758","article-title":"EGCG induces autophagy-related apoptosis in bladder cancer cells","volume":"45","author":"Yin","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Food Biochem"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0201920","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0201920","article-title":"Non-invasive anticancer remedy combining EGCG, pulsed electric field, and ultrasound","volume":"13","author":"Hsieh","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1481","DOI":"10.3390\/biom10111481","article-title":"Protective effects of EGCG on endometrial, breast, and ovarian cancers","volume":"10","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1060783","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.1060783","article-title":"Anticarcinogenic potentials of tea catechins","volume":"9","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Nutr"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.3390\/biom12030371","article-title":"EGCG: new therapeutic perspectives for neuroprotection, aging, and neuroinflammation","volume":"12","author":"Payne","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e90021","DOI":"10.1590\/fst.90021","article-title":"Association between tea drinking and endometrial cancer risk: a meta-analysis","volume":"42","author":"Gao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Sci Technol"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"964","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-020-07455-3","article-title":"Therapeutic potential of a novel prodrug of green tea extract via ERK\/JNK and Akt signaling in endometrial cancer","volume":"20","author":"Man","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Cancer"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1007\/s00438-025-02238-6","article-title":"Polyphenols as microRNA modulators in endometrial cancer","volume":"300","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol Gen Genomics"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2017.09.054","article-title":"A prodrug of green tea polyphenol (\u2212)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (pro-EGCG) serves as a novel angiogenesis inhibitor in endometrial cancer","volume":"412","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cancer Lett"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"906746","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.906746","article-title":"EGCG regulates autophagy in male and female reproductive cancer","volume":"13","author":"Hung","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"808","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/bgy048","article-title":"Non-herbal tea consumption and ovarian cancer risk: systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis","volume":"39","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Carcinogenesis"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.20892\/j.issn.2095-3941.2016.0084","article-title":"Epidemiology of ovarian cancer: a review","volume":"14","author":"Reid","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cancer Biol Med"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcancer.2019.05.012","article-title":"Role of PI3K\/AKT\/mTOR pathway in ovarian cancer","volume":"59","author":"Ediriweera","year":"2019","journal-title":"Semin Cancer Biol"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1885","DOI":"10.3892\/or.2020.7571","article-title":"PTEN\/AKT\/mTOR signaling mediates anticancer effects of EGCG in ovarian cancer","volume":"43","author":"Qin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Oncol Rep"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108885","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2024.108885","article-title":"S100A4\/NF-\u03baB axis mediates the anticancer effect of EGCG in platinum-resistant ovarian cancer","volume":"27","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132358","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2022.132358","article-title":"EGCG attenuates neurotoxicity of methylglyoxal via MAPK signaling modulation","volume":"384","author":"He","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Chem"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1007\/s12079-018-00501-7","article-title":"Protective role of EGCG in NADPH oxidase\u2013MMP2\u2013Spm\u2013Cer\u2013S1P signaling-mediated ET-1\u2013induced PASMC proliferation","volume":"13","author":"Sarkar","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Cell Commun Signal"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1000","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines11041000","article-title":"EGCG prevents CSC phenotype acquisition in ovarian tumorspheres","volume":"11","author":"Rodriguez Torres","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomedicine"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1142\/S2661318223742601","article-title":"Alleviating effects of EGCG on ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome","volume":"5","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Fertil Reprod"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1111\/cts.12470","article-title":"Bioinformatics analysis on molecular mechanism of EGCG against ovarian cancer","volume":"10","author":"Xinqiang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Transl Sci"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"188525","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbcan.2021.188525","article-title":"Autophagy signals orchestrate chemoresistance of gynecological cancers","volume":"1875","author":"Tam","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145774","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gene.2021.145774","article-title":"Suppressing effects of green tea extract and EGCG on TGF-\u03b2-induced EMT","volume":"794","author":"Panji","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1007\/s00044-019-02324-6","article-title":"Modulatory effect of green tea catechin on drug resistance in ovarian cancer cells","volume":"28","author":"Przystupski","year":"2019","journal-title":"Med Chem Res"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1627","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.2017.120","article-title":"Pre-diagnosis diet and survival after ovarian cancer","volume":"116","author":"Playdon","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gendis.2024","article-title":"EVs from peritoneal adipose stem cells regulate ovarian cancer cell proliferation and migration via EGFR\u2013NF-\u03baB","volume":"12","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Genes Dis"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2019.00004","article-title":"Does male circumcision reduce women\u2019s risk of STIs and cervical cancer?","volume":"7","author":"Morris","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2334","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules23092334","article-title":"Suppressive effects of EGCG on cervical cancer","volume":"23","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1007\/s13205-020-02473-1","article-title":"EGCG inhibits HeLa cells by modulating epigenetics and signaling pathways","volume":"10","author":"Kedhari Sundaram","year":"2020","journal-title":"3 Biotech"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1186\/s12935-023-03161-9","article-title":"EGCG and its nanoformulation in cervical cancer therapy","volume":"23","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cancer Cell Int"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175503","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2023","article-title":"Targeting NRF2\/KEAP1 pathway in cervical and endometrial cancers","volume":"941","author":"Tossetta","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1007\/s12032-023-02135-1","article-title":"EGCG attenuates EGF-triggered matrix abundance and migration in cervical cancer cells","volume":"40","author":"Sabanayagam","year":"2023","journal-title":"Med Oncol"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1631\/jzus.B2400040","article-title":"EGCG as a therapeutic agent: a systematic review of recent advances and challenges in nanocarrier strategies","volume":"26","author":"Wong","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Zhejiang Univ Sci B"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1158\/1940-6207.CAPR-22-0086","article-title":"Vulvar cancer incidence in the US and relationship to HPV vaccination","volume":"15","author":"Berenson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cancer Prev Res (Phila)"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.6004\/jnccn.2024.0013","article-title":"Vulvar cancer, version 3.2024, NCCN guidelines","volume":"22","author":"Abu-Rustum","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Natl Compr Cancer Netw"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10040459","article-title":"EGCG inhibits growth of HPV18-infected keratinocytes by promoting proteasomal degradation of E6\/E7","volume":"10","author":"Yap","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-03344-6_5","article-title":"Anticancer mechanistic insights of EGCG","volume-title":"Plant and human health, volume 2: Phytochemistry and molecular aspects","author":"Mir","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6075","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23116075","article-title":"Potential of EGCG in targeting autophagy for cancer treatment: a narrative review","volume":"23","author":"Ferrari","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.14348\/molcells.2018.2227","article-title":"Cancer prevention with green tea and EGCG","volume":"41","author":"Fujiki","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol Cells"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3146","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25143146","article-title":"Potential therapeutic targets of EGCG in cancer","volume":"25","author":"Almatroodi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deac107.292","article-title":"How ProEGCG achieves superior anti-angiogenic efficacy","volume":"37","author":"Hung","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3222","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2021.1986465","article-title":"Therapeutic effects of green tea on endometriosis","volume":"63","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deab127.013","article-title":"Green tea catechins EGCG and pro-drug of EGCG (pro-EGCG) inhibit endometriosis through targeting molecules regulating macrophages and B cells","volume":"36","author":"Hung","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"714790","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.714790","article-title":"An in-silico, in-vitro and in-vivo combined approach to identify NMNATs as potential protein targets of ProEGCG for treatment of endometriosis","volume":"12","author":"Hung","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e23203","DOI":"10.1002\/jbt.23203","article-title":"Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) attenuates inflammatory responses","volume":"36","author":"Di","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Biochem Mol Toxicol"},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpha.2023.09.005","article-title":"Distinct molecular targets of ProEGCG vs EGCG in endometriosis therapy","volume":"14","author":"Hung","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Pharm Anal"},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.4103\/jehp.jehp_67_15","article-title":"Effect of green tea on metabolic and hormonal aspect","volume":"6","author":"Tehrani","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Educ Health Promot"},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1186\/s12958-021-00831-z","article-title":"A comprehensive insight","volume":"19","author":"Maleki","year":"2021","journal-title":"Reprod Biol Endocrinol"},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nutres.2022.03.009","article-title":"Green tea promotes weight loss","volume":"104","author":"Colonetti","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nutr Res"},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.5795","article-title":"The impact of green tea supplementation","volume":"31","author":"Mombaini","year":"2017","journal-title":"Phytother Res"},{"key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.30538","article-title":"Epigallocatechin-3-gallate stimulates StAR expression","volume":"237","author":"Fang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Cell Physiol"},{"key":"ref94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121224","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2022.121224","article-title":"Hyperandrogen-induced polyol pathway","volume":"313","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"key":"ref95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3261","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1601822","article-title":"Green tea polyphenol EGCG upregulates","volume":"199","author":"Kumazoe","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"ref96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6534","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20156534","article-title":"The effects of plant-derived phytochemical compounds","volume":"20","author":"Chavez","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"ref97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.4103\/ijpvm.IJPVM_576_17","article-title":"Oxidative stress and polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"10","author":"Mohammadi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Prev Med"},{"key":"ref98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.4103\/jrptps.JRPTPS_14_19","article-title":"Comparison of green tea and metformin","volume":"9","author":"Farhadian","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Rep Pharm Sci"},{"key":"ref99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/09637486.2025.2496400","article-title":"Effects of green tea supplementation","volume":"6","author":"Dehzad","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Food Sci Nutr"},{"key":"ref100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2018.03.019","article-title":"The safety of green tea and green tea extract","volume":"95","author":"Hu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Regul Toxicol Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e05239","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2018.5239","article-title":"Scientific opinion on the safety of green tea catechins","volume":"16","year":"2018","journal-title":"EFSA J"},{"key":"ref102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2017.06.008","article-title":"Safety assessment of green tea based beverages","volume":"277","author":"Dekant","year":"2017","journal-title":"Toxicol Lett"},{"key":"ref103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.5114\/wo.2017.70110","article-title":"Comparative efficacy of epigallocatechin-3-gallate","volume":"21","author":"Hussain","year":"2017","journal-title":"Contemp Oncol (Pozn)"},{"key":"ref104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3882","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.7b01902","article-title":"High-resolution adhesion kinetics","volume":"3","author":"Peter","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"ref105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1111\/ijfs.14371","article-title":"Fundamental and applied aspects of catechins from different sources: a review","volume":"55","author":"Pedro","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Food Sci Technol"},{"key":"ref106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1744","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21051744","article-title":"Beneficial properties of green tea catechins","volume":"21","author":"Musial","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"ref107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fochx.2021.100160","article-title":"Processing, chemical signature and food industry applications of Camellia sinensis teas: an overview","volume":"12","author":"Gon\u00e7alves Bortolini","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Chem X"},{"key":"ref108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2018.08.013","article-title":"Characteristics and tumorigenic activities of 16 commonly used endometrial cancer cell lines","volume":"489","author":"Qu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Chim Acta"},{"key":"ref109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1580","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24081580","article-title":"Enoxacin and epigallocatechin gallate","volume":"24","author":"McDonnell","year":"2019","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.26900","article-title":"EGCG in combination with eugenol","volume":"234","author":"Pal","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Cell Physiol"},{"key":"ref111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3045","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.98653","article-title":"The therapeutic potential of EGCG","volume":"21","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Biol Sci"},{"key":"ref112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2076","DOI":"10.1111\/jog.14358","article-title":"Effect of epigallocatechin-3-gallate on DNA methylation","volume":"46","author":"Guan","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Obstet Gynaecol Res"},{"key":"ref113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1936","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10121936","article-title":"Molecular targets of EGCG with focus on cancer signal transduction","volume":"10","author":"Negri","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1742","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2018.7131","article-title":"Epigallocatechin gallate inhibits cell growth","volume":"17","author":"Zhu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Exp Ther Med"},{"key":"ref115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1293","DOI":"10.3889\/oamjms.2022.8779","article-title":"The effect of Gambier catechin isolate","volume":"10","author":"Rahmaddiansyah","year":"2022","journal-title":"Open Access Maced J Med Sci"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Nutrition"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnut.2025.1746959\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T05:16:05Z","timestamp":1768281365000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnut.2025.1746959\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]]},"references-count":115,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fnut.2025.1746959"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnut.2025.1746959","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-861X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-861X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]]},"article-number":"1746959"}}