{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T20:24:05Z","timestamp":1768508645388,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768435200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Nutr."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Limited research has explored the long-term impact of diet periodization on metabolism, performance, and body composition. This eight-week study examined the effects of long-term periodized carbohydrate (CHO) intake on performance, substrate utilization, and body composition in recreationally active males.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Twenty-four runners (V\u0307O\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      peak: 51\u202f\u00b1\u202f8\u202fmL\u00b7min\n                      <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u00b7kg\n                      <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                      ) were randomly assigned to one nutritional intervention: (1) PER: 4\u202fweeks of \u2264 50\u202fg CHO per day followed by 4\u202fweeks of high CHO; (2) LCHF: 8\u202fweeks of \u2264 50\u202fg CHO per day; or (3) CHO: 8\u202fweeks of high CHO. All subjects underwent the same endurance training. Performance and substrate use were measured using a graded exercise test at baseline (T-0), after 4\u202fweeks (T-1), and after 8\u202fweeks (T-2). Body weight and composition were measured using bioelectrical impedance analysis.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      While performance improved over time, no significant differences were found between groups. However, running economy at lactate threshold only improved in the PER group (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f&amp;lt;\u202f0.05). Fat oxidation increased from T-0 to T-1 in PER and LCHF group (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f&amp;lt;\u202f0.001), accompanied by a decrease in CHO oxidation at the lactate threshold (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f&amp;lt;\u202f0.001). In the LCHF group, no further changes occurred, whereas in the PER group fat oxidation decreased and CHO oxidation increased from T-1 to T-2 (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f&amp;lt;\u202f0.001). Both PER and LCHF group lost weight and fat mass from T-0 to T-1, with further losses in the LCHF group (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f&amp;lt;\u202f0.001).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A LCHF diet increased fat oxidation while reducing carbohydrate utilization during exercise. Reintroduction of carbohydrates restored substrate utilization patterns, indicating reversible changes in metabolic flexibility. However, no clear effects on performance outcomes were observed. These findings suggest that periodized carbohydrate intake primarily influences metabolic responses rather than performance, and further research using performance-based assessments is warranted. These adaptations appear to be predominantly metabolic and physiological in nature.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Clinical trial registration<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:ext-link>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17605\/OSF.IO\/VM7KB<\/jats:ext-link>\n                      .\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2025.1750042","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T05:15:28Z","timestamp":1768454128000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Periodized carbohydrate intake influences metabolic flexibility and indices of running economy during endurance training in recreationally active males"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Anna Maria","family":"Kripp","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna","place":["Vienna, Austria"]},{"name":"Vienna Doctoral School of Pharmaceutical, Nutritional and Sport Sciences, University of Vienna","place":["Vienna, Austria"]},{"name":"Department of Sport Science, Centre for Sport Science and University Sports, University of Vienna","place":["Vienna, Austria"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"Feichter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sport Science, Centre for Sport Science and University Sports, University of Vienna","place":["Vienna, Austria"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"K\u00f6nig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna","place":["Vienna, Austria"]},{"name":"Vienna Doctoral School of Pharmaceutical, Nutritional and Sport Sciences, University of Vienna","place":["Vienna, Austria"]},{"name":"Department of Sport Science, Centre for Sport Science and University Sports, University of Vienna","place":["Vienna, Austria"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.2165\/11319770-000000000-00000","article-title":"New horizons for the methodology and physiology of training periodization","volume":"40","author":"Issurin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1383","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.1.4667.1383","article-title":"Stress and the general adaptation 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