{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]],"date-time":"2026-04-08T14:08:29Z","timestamp":1775657309969,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772755200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003819","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2024AFB137"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024AFB137"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003819","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Youth Program of the National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["82401326"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82401326"]}]},{"name":"Wuhan Science and Technology Bureau","award":["2022020801010535"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022020801010535"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82101253"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82101253"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Nutr."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>High trans-fatty acid (TFA) intake is a major modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD), especially in older adults. This study aimed to assess global trends and health inequalities in CVD burden attributable to high TFA intake from 1990 to 2021 and project future patterns through 2036.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Using data from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) Study 2021, we analyzed age-standardized mortality rates (ASMR), disability-adjusted life years (ASDR), and inequality indicators across 204 countries and territories. Age-Period-Cohort (APC) models and Bayesian projections were applied to estimate future trends.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Globally, ASMR and ASDR attributable to high TFA intake declined by 69 and 68%, respectively, from 1990 to 2021. The most significant reductions were observed in high-SDI regions, where comprehensive TFA bans and public health policies were implemented. In contrast, the absolute burden remains high in low- and middle-SDI countries due to limited policy enforcement and dietary interventions. Socioeconomic inequalities narrowed over time, but vulnerable populations still face elevated risks. Projections indicate a continued global decline in CVD burden attributable to TFA through 2036, though widening uncertainties reflect demographic and policy challenges.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>While global progress in reducing TFA-related CVD burden is evident, persistent disparities and emerging risks in low-resource settings underscore the need for global elimination of industrial TFA, strengthened health systems, and targeted strategies to protect high-risk groups.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2026.1681274","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T05:30:05Z","timestamp":1772775005000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Impact of diets high in trans-fatty acids on cardiovascular diseases in adults aged 55 and older: insights from the Global Burden of Disease 2021 data"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Jishi","family":"Ye","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pain, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University","place":["Wuhan, Hubei, China"]},{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University","place":["Wuhan, Hubei, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Intensive Care Unit, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology","place":["Wuhan, Hubei, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Juan","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory Medicine, General Hospital of Central Theater Command","place":["Wuhan, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ruolan","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pain, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University","place":["Wuhan, Hubei, China"]},{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University","place":["Wuhan, Hubei, China"]},{"name":"Department of Intensive Care Unit, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology","place":["Wuhan, Hubei, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jingli","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pain, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University","place":["Wuhan, Hubei, China"]},{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University","place":["Wuhan, Hubei, China"]},{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology","place":["Wuhan, Hubei, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rong","family":"Xiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University","place":["Wuhan, Hubei, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yifan","family":"Jia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pain, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University","place":["Wuhan, Hubei, China"]},{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University","place":["Wuhan, Hubei, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143591","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2025.143591","article-title":"Role of sirtuins in cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury: mechanisms and therapeutic potential","volume":"310","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Biol Macromol"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1108","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjqcco\/qcaf040","article-title":"Trends and projections of heart failure among adolescents and young adults: an in-depth analysis for the global burden of disease study 2021","volume":"11","author":"Shu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur Heart J Qual Care Clin Outcomes"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03392-8","article-title":"The changing landscape of atherosclerosis","volume":"592","author":"Libby","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.115.306301","article-title":"Endothelial cell dysfunction and the pathobiology of atherosclerosis","volume":"118","author":"Gimbrone","year":"2016","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.4065\/76.1.34","article-title":"Age and history of cardiac disease as risk factors for cardiac complications after peripheral vascular surgery in diabetic patients","volume":"76","author":"Zarich","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1034","DOI":"10.29271\/jcpsp.2019.11.1034","article-title":"Triglycerides-to-HDLC ratio as a marker of cardiac disease and vascular risk factors in adults","volume":"29","author":"Ul Ain","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Coll Physicians Surg Pak"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2982","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2020.11.010","article-title":"Global burden of cardiovascular diseases and risk factors, 1990\u20132019","volume":"76","author":"Roth","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2627","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)32129-3","article-title":"Worldwide trends in body-mass index, underweight, overweight, and obesity from 1975 to 2016: a pooled analysis of 2416 population-based measurement studies in 128\u00b79 million children, adolescents, and adults","volume":"390","author":"Abarca-G\u00f3mez","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1601","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra054035","article-title":"Trans fatty acids and cardiovascular disease","volume":"354","author":"Mozaffarian","year":"2006","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e002076","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.115.002076","article-title":"Impact of nonoptimal intakes of saturated, polyunsaturated, and trans fat on global burdens of coronary heart disease","volume":"5","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1017\/S0029665117004141","article-title":"Optimising design and cost-effective implementation of future pan-African dietary studies: a review of existing economic integration and nutritional indicators for scenario-based profiling and clustering of countries","volume":"77","author":"Aglago","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc Nutr Soc"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.12.111468","article-title":"The effectiveness of policies for reducing dietary trans fat: a systematic review of the evidence","volume":"91","author":"Shauna-M","year":"2013","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"h3978","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.h3978","article-title":"Intake of saturated and trans unsaturated fatty acids and risk of all cause mortality, cardiovascular disease, and type 2 diabetes: systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies","volume":"351","author":"De Souza","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1419","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12051419","article-title":"Plasma trans fatty acid levels, cardiovascular risk factors and lifestyle: results from the Akershus cardiac examination 1950 study","volume":"12","author":"Chandra","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1134","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2016.2417","article-title":"Association of Specific Dietary Fats with Total and Cause-Specific Mortality. Jama","volume":"176","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Intern Med"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens14060594","article-title":"The incidence and trends of yellow fever from 1990 to 2021 in major endemic regions: a systematic analysis based on the 2021 global burden of disease study","volume":"14","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.2307\/2531004","article-title":"The estimation of age, period and cohort effects for vital rates","volume":"39","author":"Holford","year":"1983","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"key":"ref18","first-page":"449","article-title":"Models for temporal variation in cancer rates. I: Age-period and age-cohort models","volume-title":"Stat Med.","author":"Clayton","year":"1987"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1002\/bimj.201500263","article-title":"Projecting the future burden of cancer: Bayesian age-period-cohort analysis with integrated nested Laplace approximations","volume":"59","author":"Riebler","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biom J"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2015.06.018","article-title":"Denmark\u2019s policy on artificial trans fat and cardiovascular disease","volume":"50","author":"Restrepo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Prev Med"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2024.04.067","article-title":"Ending trans fat\u2014the first-ever global elimination program for a noncommunicable disease risk factor","volume":"84","author":"Steele","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2014.01.020","article-title":"Trans fatty acids: are its cardiovascular risks fully appreciated?","volume":"36","author":"Nestel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Ther"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e277","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(17)30058-X","article-title":"Socioeconomic status and non-communicable disease behavioural risk factors in low-income and lower-middle-income countries: a systematic review","volume":"5","author":"Allen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.111.246876","article-title":"The intersection between aging and cardiovascular disease","volume":"110","author":"North","year":"2012","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000048892.83521.58","article-title":"Arterial and cardiac aging: major shareholders in cardiovascular disease enterprises: part I: aging arteries: a \"set up\" for vascular disease","volume":"107","author":"Lakatta","year":"2003","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cger.2009.07.007","article-title":"The burden of cardiovascular disease in the elderly: morbidity, mortality, and costs","volume":"25","author":"Yazdanyar","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Geriatr Med"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)32497-3","article-title":"Dynamics of the double burden of malnutrition and the changing nutrition reality","volume":"395","author":"Popkin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.02.04.24302242","article-title":"Realizing the Potential of Social Determinants Data: A Scoping Review of Approaches for Screening, Linkage, Extraction, Analysis and Interventions. medRxiv [Preprint]","volume-title":"J Clin Transl Sci.","author":"Li","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1661","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)61690-6","article-title":"Closing the gap in a generation: health equity through action on the social determinants of health","volume":"372","author":"Marmot","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"h4583","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.h4583","article-title":"Potential of trans fats policies to reduce socioeconomic inequalities in mortality from coronary heart disease in England: cost effectiveness modelling study","author":"Allen","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneb.2015.11.006","article-title":"Unhealthy fat in street and snack foods in low-socioeconomic settings in India: a case study of the food environments of rural villages and an urban slum","volume":"48","author":"Gupta","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Nutr Educ Behav"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1108\/00346650810920178","article-title":"High trans fatty acid content in common Indian fast foods","volume":"38","author":"Agrawal","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nutr Food Sci"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacasi.2024.02.002","article-title":"Impact of aging on cardiovascular diseases","volume":"4","author":"Zhao","year":"2024","journal-title":"JACC Asia"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2026.1824926","type":"correction","label":"Correction","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]],"date-time":"2026-04-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775606400000}}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Nutrition"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnut.2026.1681274\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]],"date-time":"2026-04-08T13:27:47Z","timestamp":1775654867000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnut.2026.1681274\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]]},"references-count":33,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fnut.2026.1681274"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnut.2026.1681274","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-861X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-861X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]]},"article-number":"1681274"}}