{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T20:46:04Z","timestamp":1790196364873,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]],"date-time":"2026-01-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769731200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Nutr."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Intermittent fasting (IF) has emerged as a beneficial dietary strategy for managing type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), with improvements in certain indicators of body composition and cardiometabolic health. However, limited research compares the different effects of IF in oral hypoglycemic agents (OHAs) versus insulin-treated patients.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A comprehensive search was performed across PubMed, Scopus, and Cochrane Library (January 2010\u2013January 2025). Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) involving adults (&amp;gt;18-years) with T2DM undergoing IF, time-restricted feeding (TRF), alternate-day fasting (ARF), fasting-mimicking diets (FMD), and Ramadan fasting were included.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In total, 12 studies (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f1,441 participants) met the inclusion criteria. IF improved glycemic control in both groups, with HbA1c reductions of 0.54% in OHA-users and 2.8% in insulin-users. In the meta-analysis of four eligible trials (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f280), IF produced a significant pooled reduction in HbA1c (\u22121.85, 95% CI: \u22122.86 to \u22120.84), despite substantial heterogeneity (I\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u202f=\u202f98.1%). In contrast, IF did not produce a significant change in body weight (\u22121.45\u202fkg, 95% CI: \u22125.51 to 2.61; I\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u202f=\u202f96.7%). Most studies reported weight loss, with an average body mass index (BMI) reduction of 1.53\u202fkg\/m\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      in OHA users. Among insulin-users, one study reported a significant reduction in weight for the IF group (\u22124.77\u202f\u00b1\u202f4.99\u202fkg,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f&amp;lt;\u202f0.001).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>IF represents an effective adjuvant therapeutic strategy in T2DM and could be widely employed in clinical practice.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Systematic review registration<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Identifier CRD42025650065,\n                      <jats:ext-link>https:\/\/www.crd.york.ac.uk\/PROSPERO\/view\/CRD42025650065<\/jats:ext-link>\n                      .\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  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Bahrain","place":["Busaiteen, Bahrain"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2018.04.010","article-title":"Early time-restricted feeding improves insulin sensitivity, blood pressure, and oxidative stress even without weight loss in men with prediabetes","volume":"27","author":"Sutton","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1325894","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2024.1325894","article-title":"The effects of different intermittent fasting regimens in people with type 2 diabetes: a network meta-analysis","volume":"11","author":"Xiaoyu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Nutr"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.2337\/dc22-1622","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of intermittent fasting in people with insulin-treated 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