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Nutr."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Pentadecanoic acid (C15:0) is an odd-chain saturated fatty acid that is being marketed as a heart-healthy supplement.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To test whether plasma C15:0 is related to cardiovascular outcomes including systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP and DBP), functional cardiac measures, and development of hypertension and cardiovascular disease (CVD).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Plasma phospholipid C15:0 levels were assessed by gas chromatography in 3,196 Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults participants (mean age 45\u202fyears; 57% female; 45% Black). Generalized linear models estimated associations of plasma C15:0 with SBP, DBP, and echocardiographic indices. Cox regression estimated risk of incident hypertension (SBP\/DBP\u202f\u2265\u202f140\/90\u202fmmHg or BP medication use) or CVD over a median 10-year period. Covariate adjustments were included to control for likely confounders. Significant associations were tested in a replication subcohort of 3,889 White participants of the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study (ARIC) (mean age 54\u202fyears; 52% female) using comparable methods. Two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) tested for potential causality.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Higher plasma C15:0 levels (per SD) were associated with lower SBP (mm Hg) [\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f\u22121.47 (95% CI, \u22121.99, \u22120.96)], DBP (mm Hg) [\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f\u22121.13 (95% CI, \u22121.51, \u22120.74)], and 10-year risk of incident hypertension [hazard ratio\u202f=\u202f0.86 (95% CI, 0.78, 0.95)]. These associations were replicated in the ARIC sample. C15:0 levels were not associated with incident CVD in either cohort or with echocardiographic parameters in CARDIA. Two-sample MR analyses provided no evidence for a causal effect of C15:0 on SBP, DBP, resting heart rate, or hypertension.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Observational associations between plasma C15:0 and cardiovascular risk markers were modest but were not supported by cardiac function or MR findings. The collective evidence is not consistent with a causal cardiovascular benefit of C15:0.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2026.1720975","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T15:23:23Z","timestamp":1770737003000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Plasma pentadecanoic acid is modestly related to cardiovascular health in CARDIA and ARIC cohorts: observational associations without evidence of causality"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Brian T.","family":"Steffen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Computational Health Sciences, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Minnesota","place":["Minneapolis, MN, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"Jr","given":"David R.","family":"Jacobs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota","place":["Minneapolis, MN, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aixin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota","place":["Minneapolis, MN, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weihong","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota","place":["Minneapolis, MN, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Duprez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Computational Health Sciences, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Minnesota","place":["Minneapolis, MN, United States"]},{"name":"Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Minnesota","place":["Minneapolis, MN, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahesh","family":"Mathew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota","place":["Minneapolis, MN, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pamela L.","family":"Lutsey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota","place":["Minneapolis, MN, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"So-Yun","family":"Yi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota","place":["Minneapolis, MN, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xia","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota","place":["Minneapolis, MN, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lyn M.","family":"Steffen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota","place":["Minneapolis, MN, United States"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.15620\/cdc:101131","article-title":"Dietary supplement use among adults: United States, 2017-2018","volume":"399","author":"Mishra","year":"2021","journal-title":"NCHS Data Brief"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-009-8416-8","article-title":"Short-term oral magnesium supplementation suppresses bone turnover in postmenopausal osteoporotic women","volume":"133","author":"Aydin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biol Trace Elem Res"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2021.116233","article-title":"Impact of magnesium on bone health in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"154","author":"Groenendijk","year":"2022","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"m2329","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m2329","article-title":"Association between vitamin D supplementation and mortality: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"370","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1034","DOI":"10.23736\/s0022-4707.20.10437-7","article-title":"Creatine supplementation improves performance, but is it safe? 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