{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T01:10:37Z","timestamp":1792545037507,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]],"date-time":"2026-01-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768867200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Nutr."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Hydrogen-rich water (HRW) has been reported to reduce oxidative stress, suppress exercise fatigue, and enhance recovery. However, the molecular mechanisms of its effects on exercise capacity, especially during the early stages of adaptation in physically inactive individuals, remain unclear.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Male 8-week-old C57BL\/6\u202fJ mice were provided with purified water or HRW for 1, 2, 4, or 6\u202fweeks. Their exercise endurance was assessed using treadmill running distance, and their levels of markers of oxidative stress, inflammation, and muscle damage were analyzed in skeletal muscle at baseline and after exercise at each time point.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Mice that consumed HRW for \u2265P4 weeks ran significantly longer distances, showed less muscle fatigue, and had lower levels of markers of oxidative stress, inflammation, and muscle damage. Notably, antioxidant gene expression was not high, despite the lower level of oxidative stress, suggesting the possibility that HRW directly scavenges or suppresses reactive oxygen species, independently of antioxidant pathways.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>HRW consumption alleviates oxidative stress and inflammation in skeletal muscle and improves exercise endurance. These findings suggest that the administration of HRW may represent a promising antioxidant strategy to support the initiation of and compliance with exercise programs by physically inactive individuals.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2026.1722091","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]],"date-time":"2026-01-20T05:28:32Z","timestamp":1768886912000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Hydrogen-rich water improves endurance by reducing skeletal muscle oxidative stress and inflammatory responses"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Eika","family":"Mizuno","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba","place":["Tsukuba, Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tatsuhiro","family":"Sato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba","place":["Tsukuba, Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kosuke","family":"Okada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medicine, University of Tsukuba","place":["Tsukuba, Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ikuru","family":"Miura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medicine, University of Tsukuba","place":["Tsukuba, Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junichi","family":"Shoda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medicine, University of Tsukuba","place":["Tsukuba, Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Makoto","family":"Saito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Tsukuba Hospital","place":["Tsukuba, Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yutaro","family":"Mori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medicine, University of Tsukuba","place":["Tsukuba, Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sechang","family":"Oh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Rehabilitation, R Professional University of Rehabilitation","place":["Tsuchiura, Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomonori","family":"Isobe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medicine, University of Tsukuba","place":["Tsukuba, Japan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1464","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-020-05177-6","article-title":"Exercise and metabolic health: beyond skeletal muscle","volume":"63","author":"Thyfault","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1068","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00775.2016","article-title":"Recovery of central and peripheral neuromuscular fatigue after exercise","volume":"122","author":"Carroll","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"866","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.132.6.866","article-title":"Effects of chronic exercise on feelings of energy and fatigue: a quantitative synthesis","volume":"132","author":"Puetz","year":"2006","journal-title":"Psychol Bull"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2239","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000001006","article-title":"Reactive oxygen species as agents of fatigue","volume":"48","author":"Reid","year":"2016","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2016.00486","article-title":"Redox mechanism of reactive oxygen species in exercise","volume":"7","author":"He","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.2174\/0929867013372896","article-title":"Oxidative stress and antioxidants in exercise","volume":"8","author":"Leeuwenburgh","year":"2001","journal-title":"Curr Med Chem"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.2165\/11317890-000000000-00000","article-title":"Does antioxidant vitamin supplementation protect against muscle damage?","volume":"39","author":"McGinley","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"853225","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.853225","article-title":"Lonicera caerulea berry polyphenols extract alleviates exercise fatigue in mice by reducing oxidative stress, inflammation, skeletal muscle cell apoptosis, and by increasing cell proliferation","volume":"9","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Nutr"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12902","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-12926-y","article-title":"Nuclear factor (erythroid derived 2)-like 2 activation increases exercise endurance capacity via redox modulation in skeletal muscles","volume":"7","author":"Oh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1577","article-title":"Hydrogen acts as a therapeutic antioxidant by selectively reducing cytotoxic oxygen radicals","volume":"13","author":"Ohsawa","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"988","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox12050988","article-title":"Redox-mechanisms of molecular hydrogen promote healthful longevity","volume":"12","author":"Rahman","year":"2023","journal-title":"Antioxidants"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0176992","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0176992","article-title":"Molecular hydrogen protects against oxidative stress-induced SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cell death through the process of mitohormesis","volume":"12","author":"Murakami","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1080\/10715762.2019.1582770","article-title":"The preventive and therapeutic effects of molecular hydrogen in ocular diseases and injuries where oxidative stress is involved","volume":"53","author":"Cejka","year":"2019","journal-title":"Free Radic Res"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.2174\/1381612826666200821114016","article-title":"Oxidative stress and pathways of molecular hydrogen effects in medicine","volume":"27","author":"Slezak","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr Pharm Des"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.4103\/2045-9912.279979","article-title":"Hydrogen-rich water suppresses the reduction in blood total antioxidant capacity induced by 3 consecutive days of severe exercise in physically active males","volume":"10","author":"Dobashi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med Gas Res"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1186\/2045-9912-2-12","article-title":"Pilot study: effects of drinking hydrogen-rich water on muscle fatigue caused by acute exercise in elite athletes","volume":"2","author":"Aoki","year":"2012","journal-title":"Med Gas Res"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1055\/a-0991-0268","article-title":"Hydrogen rich water improved ventilatory, perceptual and lactate responses to exercise","volume":"40","author":"Botek","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Sports Med"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1014","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2318-1880","article-title":"Inhalation of hydrogen-rich gas before acute exercise alleviates exercise fatigue: a randomized crossover study","volume":"45","author":"Dong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Sports Med"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox12030636","article-title":"Molecular hydrogen: from molecular effects to stem cells management and tissue regeneration","volume":"12","author":"Artamonov","year":"2023","journal-title":"Antioxidants"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1283820","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2023.1283820","article-title":"Mitochondria: one of the vital hubs for molecular hydrogen\u2019s biological functions","volume":"11","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Cell Dev Biol"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1139\/cjpp-2019-0059","article-title":"Drinking hydrogen water enhances endurance and relieves psychometric fatigue: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study","volume":"97","author":"Mikami","year":"2019","journal-title":"Can J Physiol Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.2174\/1381612826666201113100245","article-title":"Recent advances in molecular hydrogen research reducing exercise-induced oxidative stress and inflammation","volume":"27","author":"Nogueira","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr Pharm Des"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.3390\/ph16040541","article-title":"Therapeutic potential of molecular hydrogen in metabolic diseases from bench to bedside","volume":"16","author":"Xie","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pharmaceuticals (Basel)"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"789507","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2021.789507","article-title":"Hydrogen, a novel therapeutic molecule, regulates oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis","volume":"12","author":"Tian","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1614","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v20.i6.1614","article-title":"Protective role of hydrogen-rich water on aspirin-induced gastric mucosal damage in rats","volume":"20","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1139\/cjpp-2018-0604","article-title":"Molecular hydrogen: potential in mitigating oxidative-stress-induced radiation injury","volume":"97","author":"Kura","year":"2019","journal-title":"Can J Physiol Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1189","DOI":"10.1093\/abbs\/gmz121","article-title":"Molecular hydrogen: current knowledge on mechanism in alleviating free radical damage and diseases","volume":"51","author":"Tao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Biochim Biophys Sin"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2014.04.006","article-title":"Molecular hydrogen as a preventive and therapeutic medical gas: initiation, development and potential of hydrogen medicine","volume":"144","author":"Ohta","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2549","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22052549","article-title":"Potential therapeutic applications of hydrogen in chronic inflammatory diseases: possible inhibiting role on mitochondrial stress","volume":"22","author":"Hirano","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4116","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26094116","article-title":"Molecular hydrogen in the treatment of respiratory diseases","volume":"26","author":"Zajac","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70194","DOI":"10.1002\/mco2.70194","article-title":"Molecular hydrogen therapy: mechanisms, delivery methods, preventive, and therapeutic application","volume":"6","author":"Jin","year":"2025","journal-title":"MedComm"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101933","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrep.2025.101933","article-title":"A comprehensive review of molecular hydrogen as a novel nutrition therapy in relieving oxidative stress and diseases: mechanisms and perspectives","volume":"41","author":"Y\u0131ld\u0131z","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Rep"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2076","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24112076","article-title":"A new approach for the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disorders. Molecular hydrogen significantly reduces the effects of oxidative stress","volume":"24","author":"LeBaron","year":"2019","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbagen.2011.05.006","article-title":"Molecular hydrogen is a novel antioxidant to efficiently reduce oxidative stress with potential for the improvement of mitochondrial diseases","volume":"1820","author":"Ohta","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2771","DOI":"10.3892\/ol.2018.9023","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory and antitumor action of hydrogen via reactive oxygen species","volume":"16","author":"Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oncol Lett"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2062","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox12122062","article-title":"Hydrogen: a rising star in gas medicine as a mitochondria-targeting nutrient via activating Keap1-Nrf2 antioxidant system","volume":"12","author":"Cheng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Antioxidants"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.4103\/2045-9912.196904","article-title":"Molecular hydrogen: a therapeutic antioxidant and beyond","volume":"6","author":"Huang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Med Gas Res"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e41800","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000041800","article-title":"Molecular hydrogen: mechanism against oxidative stress and application in periodontitis: a review","volume":"104","author":"Ying","year":"2025","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1584","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox13121584","article-title":"Synergistic antioxidant effects of molecular hydrogen and cold atmospheric plasma in enhancing mesenchymal stem cell therapy","volume":"13","author":"Artamonov","year":"2024","journal-title":"Antioxidants"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"946","DOI":"10.2174\/1381612825666190506123038","article-title":"Therapeutic efficacy of molecular hydrogen: a new mechanistic insight","volume":"25","author":"Ishibashi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr Pharm Des"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8384742","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/8384742","article-title":"Hydrogen: a novel option in human disease treatment","volume":"2020","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Oxidative Med Cell Longev"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1094767","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2023.1094767","article-title":"Effects of molecular hydrogen supplementation on fatigue and aerobic capacity in healthy adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"10","author":"Zhou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Nutr"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1321160","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2024.1321160","article-title":"Hydrogen-rich water supplementation promotes muscle recovery after two strenuous training sessions performed on the same day in elite fin swimmers: randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial","volume":"15","author":"Sl\u00e1de\u010dkov\u00e1","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Physiol"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Nutrition"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnut.2026.1722091\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]],"date-time":"2026-01-20T05:28:33Z","timestamp":1768886913000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnut.2026.1722091\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]]},"references-count":43,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fnut.2026.1722091"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnut.2026.1722091","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-861X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-861X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]]},"article-number":"1722091"}}