{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]],"date-time":"2026-02-24T10:59:11Z","timestamp":1771930751593,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,6]],"date-time":"2026-02-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770336000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Nutr."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Beverage intake is an important yet understudied contributor to blood pressure (BP) and proteinuria. This is particularly relevant in sub-Saharan Africa, where rapid shifts toward sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) and ultra-processed beverages, driven by affordability and aggressive marketing, are occurring alongside a high burden of Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) within resource-limited health systems. Additionally, there are cultural differences within African populations that make beverage patterns in sub-Saharan Africa differ across populations and from Western cultures.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of 494 participants in the Diet, CKD, and APOL1 (DCA) Study cohort in West Africa. We assessed beverage consumption from 24-h dietary recalls and patterns using principal component analysis. We analyzed associations of beverage patterns with systolic BP (SBP), diastolic BP (DBP), and proteinuria using univariate and multivariable linear mixed-effects regression models. We adjusted for covariates, such as clinical site (random effect), socio-demographic factors, and lifestyle factors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We identified 4 unique beverage patterns: (i) SSB and Alcohol, (ii) Milk and Alcohol, (iii) SSB and Water without Alcohol, and (iv) Milk and Milk Products. No beverage patterns showed consistent association with SBP or DBP, and sensitivity analyses of individual beverages yielded null findings. In adjusted analyses, the Milk and Milk Products beverage pattern showed a positive association with SBP (Tertile 2 vs. 1:\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      =\u202f5.61\u202fmm Hg; 95% CI: 1.54\u20139.57) and a directionally consistent but not significant association in tertile 3 vs. tertile 1. An exploratory interaction suggested a stronger positive association of this pattern with SBP among individuals with diabetes.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The Milk and Milk Products beverage pattern may be associated with higher SBP in adults with CKD in West Africa, with a potentially stronger association among those with diabetes. Given that no associations remained significant after false discovery rate correction, these findings should be interpreted cautiously. Future studies are needed to confirm these findings and clarify their long-term implications for kidney and cardiovascular health.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2026.1724375","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,6]],"date-time":"2026-02-06T05:22:23Z","timestamp":1770355343000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Beverage patterns, blood pressure, and proteinuria among West Africans with chronic kidney disease: a cross-sectional analysis of the diet, CKD, and apolipoprotein L1 study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Rayan","family":"Djelmami-Hani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine","place":["Boston, MA, United 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Ghana"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Oluwatoyin","family":"Amira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Lagos","place":["Yaba, Nigeria"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bolanle","family":"Omotoso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Obafemi Awolowo University","place":["Ile-Ife, Nigeria"]},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Obafemi Awolowo University","place":["Ile-Ife, Nigeria"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Manmak","family":"Mamven","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Obafemi Awolowo University","place":["Ile-Ife, Nigeria"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yemi Raheem","family":"Raji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan","place":["Ibadan, Nigeria"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adaobi","family":"Solarin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, College of Medicine, Lagos State University","place":["Ojo, Nigeria"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Theophilus","family":"Umeizudike","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Lagos","place":["Lagos, Nigeria"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ernestina","family":"Eduful","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Ghana Medical School, University of Ghana","place":["Accra, Ghana"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bola Fatima","family":"Olokode","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Lagos","place":["Yaba, Nigeria"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nanna","family":"Ripiye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, University of Abuja","place":["Abuja, Nigeria"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tolulope","family":"Oluwadare","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Obafemi Awolowo University","place":["Ile-Ife, Nigeria"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rotimi","family":"Braimoh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Lagos","place":["Lagos, Nigeria"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chinwuba","family":"Ijoma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Nigeria","place":["Enugu, Nigeria"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amisu A.","family":"Mumuni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Lagos","place":["Yaba, Nigeria"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yvette","family":"Cozier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Slone Epidemiology Center, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine Boston","place":["MA, United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lisa","family":"Quintiliani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Friedman School of Nutrition, Tufts Medical Center","place":["Boston, MA, United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fatiu","family":"Arogundade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Obafemi Awolowo University","place":["Ile-Ife, Nigeria"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Babatunde","family":"Salako","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan","place":["Ibadan, Nigeria"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rulan","family":"Parekh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Women\u2019s College Hospital, Hospital for Sick Children and University of Toronto","place":["Toronto, ON, Canada"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rasheed A.","family":"Gbadegesin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine","place":["Durham, NC, United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Josee","family":"Dupuis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University","place":["Montreal, QC, Canada"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ifeoma","family":"Ulasi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Nigeria","place":["Enugu, Nigeria"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dwomoa","family":"Adu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Ghana Medical School, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana","place":["Accra, Ghana"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Akinlolu","family":"Ojo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Kansas University Medical Center, The University of Kansas","place":["Lawrence, KS, United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sushrut","family":"Waikar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology, 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