{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T13:18:09Z","timestamp":1790947089564,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,28]],"date-time":"2026-05-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779926400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Nutr."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Early childhood is a critical period for immune development, with eczema and respiratory infections representing common health challenges. This study investigated the efficacy of\n                      <jats:italic>Bifidobacterium animalis<\/jats:italic>\n                      subsp.\n                      <jats:italic>lactis<\/jats:italic>\n                      BLa80 in reducing these conditions potentially through gut microbiome modulation.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, 360 formula-fed infants and children aged below 3 years old with elevated allergy risk received daily\n                      <jats:italic>B. lactis<\/jats:italic>\n                      BLa80 (5 \u00d7 10\n                      <jats:sup>9<\/jats:sup>\n                      CFU) or placebo for 180 days. Primary outcomes included eczema incidence and symptom burden, with secondary outcomes assessing respiratory infections, gastrointestinal symptoms, gut microbiota composition (16S rRNA sequencing), functional pathways (KEGG analysis), and fecal immune markers (ELISA).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The probiotic group demonstrated significantly reduced eczema incidence (27.6% vs. 69.5%, RR: 0.398,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &amp;lt; 0.001) and upper respiratory tract infections (19.4% vs. 42.5%, RR: 0.457,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &amp;lt; 0.001). Significant reductions were observed in symptom burden, including nasal congestion, vomiting, milk aspiration, and irritability. Microbiota profiling showed enrichment of beneficial taxa (\n                      <jats:italic>Akkermansia, Fusicatenibacter<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) with enhanced metabolic pathways including tryptophan metabolism, vitamin biosynthesis, and xenobiotic degradation. Immunological profiling showed maintained human beta-defensin-2 (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.005), increased secretory IgA (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &amp;lt; 0.001), and reduced calprotectin (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &amp;lt; 0.001).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>B. lactis<\/jats:italic>\n                      BLa80 supplementation effectively reduces eczema and respiratory infections associated with gut microbiome remodeling that may enhance barrier function, immune regulation, and metabolic capacity, supporting its use as a preventive nutritional strategy in early childhood.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n      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