{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]],"date-time":"2026-02-05T19:40:29Z","timestamp":1770320429281,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]],"date-time":"2026-02-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770249600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100020595","name":"National Science and Technology Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NSTC 114-2320-B-002-016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSTC 114-2320-B-002-016"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100020595","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100020595","name":"National Science and Technology Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NSTC 113-2320-B-002-047"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSTC 113-2320-B-002-047"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100020595","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Nutr."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Obesity is accompanied by low-grade and chronic pathological development that can worsen pulmonary inflammation and fibrosis. This study investigated the potential of lunasin, a naturally occurring seed peptide with multiple bioactive properties, to attenuate lung inflammation in A549 pulmonary epithelial cells and in C57BL6\/J mice fed with the high-fat diet.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>In vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      , palmitic acid (PA) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) were used to mimic an obese inflammatory microenvironment. The cultured supernatants were collected for cytokine analysis and cells were collected for specific protein analysis.\n                      <jats:italic>In vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                      , mice were fed a high-fat (HF) diet or an HF diet supplemented with lunasin-enriched soy protein isolated (HFL) from 6 until 22 weeks of age. The lung and spleen samples were collected for future analysis.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Lunasin inhibited PA- or LPS-induced interleukin (IL)-6, monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1, and transforming growth factor (TGF)-\u03b2 secretion. While LPS reduced surfactant protein D (SP-D) expression, lunasin restored SP-D by inhibiting the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-\u03baB) signaling pathway. Additionally, pulmonary fibrosis was induced by TGF-\u03b2-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), as indicated by reduced vimentin and preserved E-cadherin expression. However, lunasin did not affect the TGF-\u03b2-induced EMT marker in A549 cells.\n                      <jats:italic>In vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                      , HFL-fed mice exhibited lower tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-\u03b1 and TGF-\u03b2 levels in lung homogenate compared with HF-fed controls. Lunasin supplementation also enhanced the secretion of T helper cell type 1 (Th1) cytokines, including IL-2 and interferon (IFN)-\u03b3, increased the Th1 (IL-2)\/Th2 (IL-4) ratio, and reduced the IL-17A level in splenocytes.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In summary,\n                      <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      , lunasin attenuated pro-inflammatory cytokines, possibly through enhancing SP-D expression and inhibiting NF-\u03baB signaling in A549 cells.\n                      <jats:italic>In vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                      , dietary lunasin supplementation reduced pulmonary inflammation and modulated splenic cytokine balance. This study reveals for the first time that lunasin is a promising candidate for mitigating obesity-related pulmonary inflammation.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2026.1732250","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]],"date-time":"2026-02-05T05:23:10Z","timestamp":1770268990000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Lunasin alleviates pulmonary inflammation in A549 alveolar epithelial cells and C57BL6\/J mice in obese-mimicking conditions"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Wan-Sheng","family":"Chang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University","place":["Taipei, Taiwan"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pei-Ying","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University","place":["Taipei, Taiwan"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chia-Chien","family":"Hsieh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University","place":["Taipei, Taiwan"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/131349","article-title":"Systemic inflammation and lung function impairment in morbidly obese subjects with the metabolic syndrome","volume":"2013","author":"Van Huisstede","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Obes"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7349","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23137349","article-title":"Adipose tissue inflammation and pulmonary dysfunction in obesity","volume":"23","author":"Palma","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1645","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2019-00266","article-title":"Immune cells gate white adipose tissue expansion","volume":"160","author":"Cox","year":"2019","journal-title":"Endocrinology."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"812166","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.812166","article-title":"Obesity and the development of lung fibrosis","volume":"12","author":"Guo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. 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