{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T20:30:14Z","timestamp":1792009814525,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]],"date-time":"2026-01-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769040000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Nutr."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This study aimed to systematically fractionate\n                      <jats:italic>Coprinus comatus<\/jats:italic>\n                      mycelial polysaccharides using ethanol precipitation, screen the optimal fraction, and investigate its potential to alleviate inflammation in a dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced Caco-2 cell model.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Polysaccharides (CCPJ-40, -60, -80) were obtained with 40%, 60%, and 80% ethanol. Their chemical properties (yield, monosaccharide composition, molecular weight) and in vitro bioactivities were assessed. The optimal fraction was investigated in a dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced Caco-2 cell model.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The results revealed that the ethanol concentration significantly affected the polysaccharide yield, chemical composition, and bioactivities. Notably, CCPJ-80 exhibited the highest yield and total sugar content. Monosaccharide composition analysis indicated that both CCPJ-40 and CCPJ-80 were composed of L-fucose, L-arabinose, galactose, glucose, xylose, mannose, ribose, and D-glucuronic acid, whereas CCPJ-60 additionally contained rhamnose. Regarding molecular weight distribution, CCPJ-40 had a high molecular weight and was relatively polydisperse, while CCPJ-60 and CCPJ-80 had lower molecular weights with good homogeneity. In the\n                      <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      activity assessment, CCPJ-80 demonstrated the most potent antioxidant and prebiotic activities. Further cell experiments confirmed that CCPJ-80 effectively alleviated the DSS-induced inflammatory state in Caco-2 cells. The underlying mechanisms included significantly reducing the levels of lactate dehydrogenase, tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1, interleukin-6, reactive oxygen species, and mitochondrial ROS, while simultaneously enhancing superoxide dismutase activity and restoring the mitochondrial membrane potential.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study elucidates the regulatory effect of ethanol precipitation concentration on the physicochemical properties and functional activities of CC mycelial polysaccharides, and reveals the potential of CCPJ-80 to ameliorate ulcerative colitis by modulating oxidative stress and mitochondrial function pathways, providing a scientific basis for developing CCPJ as a functional food or therapeutic agent.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2026.1743246","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]],"date-time":"2026-01-22T16:22:31Z","timestamp":1769098951000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Fractional ethanol precipitation modulates the structure and function of Coprinus comatus mycelial polysaccharides: alleviation of DSS-induced injury in Caco-2 cells via regulation of mitochondrial function"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Ruijie","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, The Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University","place":["Guiyang, Guizhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tao","family":"Gu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, The Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University","place":["Guiyang, Guizhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhun","family":"Xiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guizhou Academy of Sciences, Guizhou Provincial Institute of Biology, Guizhou Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology","place":["Guiyang, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shaofeng","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, The Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University","place":["Guiyang, Guizhou, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14235140","article-title":"Disturbances of the gut microbiota and microbiota-derived metabolites in inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"14","author":"Hu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1631\/jzus.B2100988","article-title":"Spirulina platensis aqueous extracts ameliorate colonic mucosal damage and modulate gut microbiota disorder in mice with ulcerative colitis by inhibiting inflammation and oxidative stress","volume":"23","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Zhejiang Univ Sci B"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1528578","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2025.1528578","article-title":"Saussurea costus alleviates ulcerative colitis by regulating the gut microbiota and improving intestinal barrier integrity","volume":"15","author":"Pang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27227682","article-title":"Pine pollen polysaccharides' and sulfated polysaccharides' effects on UC mice through modulation of cell tight junctions and RIPK3-dependent necroptosis pathways","volume":"27","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(23)00966-2","article-title":"Ulcerative colitis","volume":"402","author":"Le Berre","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11092302","article-title":"An update on current Pharmacotherapeutic options for the treatment of ulcerative colitis","volume":"11","author":"Ferretti","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"ref7","author":"Hanyu","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref8","author":"Xiaoying","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2017.05.009","article-title":"Increased susceptibility of IDH2-deficient mice to dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis","volume":"13","author":"Cha","year":"2017","journal-title":"Redox Biol"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-07841-3","article-title":"Ulcerative colitis mucosal transcriptomes reveal mitochondriopathy and personalized mechanisms underlying disease severity and treatment response","volume":"10","author":"Haberman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"900","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox13080900","article-title":"Lespedeza bicolor Turcz. Honey prevents inflammation response and inhibits ferroptosis by Nrf2\/HO-1 pathway in DSS-induced human Caco-2 cells","volume":"13","author":"Ren","year":"2024","journal-title":"Antioxidants"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166984","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2023.166984","article-title":"Butyrate ameliorated ferroptosis in ulcerative colitis through modulating Nrf2\/GPX4 signal pathway and improving intestinal barrier","volume":"1870","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta Mol basis Dis"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113445","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2020.113445","article-title":"Ethanol extract of Centella asiatica alleviated dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis: restoration on mucosa barrier and gut microbiota homeostasis","volume":"267","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Ethnopharmacol"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2022.04.208","article-title":"Intervention and potential mechanism of non-starch polysaccharides from natural resources on ulcerative colitis: a review","volume":"210","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Biol Macromol"},{"key":"ref15","author":"Pengju","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2013.06.017","article-title":"Nutrients and non-nutrients composition and bioactivity of wild and cultivated Coprinus comatus (O.F.M\u00fcll.) Pers","volume":"59","author":"Stojkovi\u0107","year":"2013","journal-title":"Food Chem Toxicol"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.13386\/j.issn1002-0306.2021070006","article-title":"Research progress on edible fungal polysaccharides","volume":"43","author":"Hao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Industry Technol"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1343","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24071343","article-title":"Antioxidant and anti-diabetic activities of polysaccharides from guava leaves","volume":"24","author":"Luo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.2174\/1389557519666190913151632","article-title":"Natural polysaccharides with immunomodulatory activities","volume":"20","author":"Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mini Rev Med Chem"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1296","DOI":"10.2174\/1389450118666170123145357","article-title":"The antioxidant activities of natural polysaccharides","volume":"18","author":"Huang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr Drug Targets"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e105809","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0105809","article-title":"Coprinus comatus cap inhibits adipocyte differentiation via regulation of PPAR\u03b3 and Akt signaling pathway","volume":"9","author":"Park","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111090","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2020.111090","article-title":"Mushrooms as potential therapeutic agents in the treatment of cancer: evaluation of anti-glioma effects of Coprinus comatus, Cantharellus cibarius, Lycoperdon perlatum and Lactarius deliciosus extracts","volume":"133","author":"Nowakowski","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomed Pharmacother"},{"key":"ref23","author":"Shenglong","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref24","author":"Junmin","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1007\/s10719-016-9669-z","article-title":"Relationship between molecular weight, monosaccharide composition and immunobiologic activity of Astragalus polysaccharides","volume":"33","author":"Jiang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Glycoconj J"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1186\/s13068-022-02182-2","article-title":"Lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferase 2 and 5 commonly, but differently, promote seed oil accumulation in Brassica napus","volume":"15","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biotechnol Biofuels Bioprod"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"808","DOI":"10.13345\/j.cjb.160440","article-title":"Isolation, purification, physicochemical properties, and antioxidant activity of Polyporus umbellatus polysaccharides","volume":"33","author":"N\u00fc","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Bioeng"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117371","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2020.117371","article-title":"Structural characterization and immunological activity of pectin polysaccharide from kiwano (Cucumis metuliferus) peels","volume":"254","author":"Zhu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Carbohydr Polym"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1070","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2018.11.163","article-title":"Polysaccharide fractions from Fortunella margarita affect proliferation of Bifidobacterium adolescentis ATCC 15703 and undergo structural changes following fermentation","volume":"123","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Biol Macromol"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.13684\/j.cnki.spkj.2024.08.027","article-title":"Effects of different extraction methods on the bioactivity of Panax notoginseng flower polysaccharides","volume":"49","author":"Meng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Food Sci Technol"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.1007-2861.2010.06.001","article-title":"Cytotoxicity of multi-walled carbon nanotubes of different lengths","volume":"16","author":"Wei","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Shanghai Univ"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2020.06.006","article-title":"Dancing with reactive oxygen species generation and elimination in nanotheranostics for disease treatment","volume":"158","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv Drug Deliv Rev"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114984","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2025.114984","article-title":"Mitophagy-mtROS axis contributes to anti-tuberculosis-induced liver injury through activation of the cGAS-STING pathway in rat hepatocytes","volume":"160","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.3390\/foods14050791","article-title":"Polysaccharides from Exocarpium Citri Grandis: graded ethanol precipitation, structural characterization, inhibition of \u03b1-glucosidase activity, anti-oxidation, and anti-glycation potentials","volume":"14","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Foods"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118909","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2021.118909","article-title":"Structure and functionality of Rhamnogalacturonan I in the cell wall and in solution: a review","volume":"278","author":"Kaczmarska","year":"2022","journal-title":"Carbohydr Polym"},{"key":"ref36","author":"Dongpin","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.13386\/j.issn1002-0306.2022110253","article-title":"Preparation of low-molecular-weight Zhe fruit polysaccharides and their antioxidant activity study","volume":"44","author":"Zikang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food Ind Sci Technol"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2017.05.002","article-title":"Structure characterization and antioxidant activity of polysaccharides from Chinese quince seed meal","volume":"234","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Food Chem"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2013.01.022","article-title":"Optimization of extraction process and study of antioxidant activity of Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides from Guizhou","volume":"49","author":"Yifang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Food Sci Technol"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"976","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2018.06.139","article-title":"Physicochemical characterization, antioxidant and anti-proliferative activities of a polysaccharide extracted from psyllium (P. ovata) leaves","volume":"118","author":"Patel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Biol Macromol"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130089","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2021.130089","article-title":"Extraction, structural analysis, derivatization and antioxidant activity of polysaccharide from Chinese yam","volume":"361","author":"Zhou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Chem"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2015.12.054","article-title":"Purification, characterization and in vitro anticoagulant activity of polysaccharides from Gentiana scabra Bunge roots","volume":"140","author":"Cai","year":"2016","journal-title":"Carbohydr Polym"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2018.02.047","article-title":"Structural characterization and anticancer activity of extracellular polysaccharides from ascidian symbiotic bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis","volume":"190","author":"Ramamoorthy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Carbohydr Polym"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15010162","article-title":"Components of the Fiber diet in the prevention and treatment of IBD-an update","volume":"15","author":"Ferenc","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1108","DOI":"10.6048\/j.issn.1001-4330.2017.06.018","article-title":"Effects of different nutritional levels on the growth and preservation of a strain medium: Lactobacillus plantarum","volume":"54","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Xinjiang Agric Sci"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1038\/msb.2010.67","article-title":"Understanding the physiology of Lactobacillus plantarum at zero growth","volume":"6","author":"Goffin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol Syst Biol"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21555","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms160921555","article-title":"Anthocyanin absorption and metabolism by human intestinal Caco-2 cells--a review","volume":"16","author":"Kamiloglu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1101\/pdb.prot095497","article-title":"Analysis of cell viability by the lactate dehydrogenase assay","volume":"2018","author":"Kumar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb Protoc"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2016.01.114","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory action of high molecular weight Mytilus edulis hydrolysates fraction in LPS-induced RAW264.7 macrophage via NF-\u03baB and MAPK pathways","volume":"202","author":"Kim","year":"2016","journal-title":"Food Chem"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"862974","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.862974","article-title":"Galactooligosaccharide treatment alleviates DSS-induced colonic inflammation in Caco-2 cell model","volume":"9","author":"Roselli","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Nutr"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1217165","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1217165","article-title":"Oxidative stress, hormones, and effects of natural antioxidants on intestinal inflammation in inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"14","author":"Sahoo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1042\/bcj20160679","article-title":"Calcium-mediated oxidative stress: a common mechanism in tight junction disruption by different types of cellular stress","volume":"474","author":"Gangwar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biochem J"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2012.01.009","article-title":"Oxidized mitochondrial DNA activates the NLRP3 inflammasome during apoptosis","volume":"36","author":"Shimada","year":"2012","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2021.04.120","article-title":"Immunomodulatory effect of intracellular polysaccharide from mycelia of Agaricus bitorquis (Qu\u00e9L.) Sacc. Chaidam by TLR4-mediated MyD88 dependent signaling pathway","volume":"183","author":"Lin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Biol Macromol"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2020.06.266","article-title":"A novel polysaccharide from Acorus tatarinowii protects against LPS-induced neuroinflammation and neurotoxicity by inhibiting TLR4-mediated MyD88\/NF-\u03baB and PI3K\/Akt signaling pathways","volume":"163","author":"Zhong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Biol Macromol"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Nutrition"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnut.2026.1743246\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]],"date-time":"2026-02-24T07:45:30Z","timestamp":1771919130000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnut.2026.1743246\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]]},"references-count":55,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fnut.2026.1743246"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnut.2026.1743246","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-861X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-861X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]]},"article-number":"1743246"}}