{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T23:59:41Z","timestamp":1791417581758,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":189,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773273600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Nutr."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Obesity is characterized by chronic low-grade inflammation, insulin resistance, impaired skeletal muscle function, and disturbances in neurovascular health. Metabolic inflexibility, defined as a reduced capacity to appropriately switch between lipid and glucose utilization in response to physiological demands, represents a central pathophysiological feature linking these alterations. Emerging evidence suggests that physical exercise and vitamin D status influence overlapping molecular pathways involved in energy metabolism, inflammation, vascular function, and neural signaling. Exercise robustly improves mitochondrial function, endothelial health, and myokine-mediated cross-talk between muscle, adipose tissue, and the brain, while vitamin D, acting through the vitamin D receptor (VDR), modulates calcium homeostasis, immune signaling, and tissue-specific metabolic responsiveness. This narrative review synthesizes mechanistic and translational evidence on how vitamin D and exercise may interact within a neurovascular\u2013muscle axis to influence metabolic regulation, adipose inflammation, skeletal muscle adaptation, and neurocognitive function in obesity. Importantly, current evidence supports exercise as the primary driver of metabolic improvement, whereas vitamin D may exert context-dependent, adjunctive effects, particularly in deficient populations. Rather than proposing a standalone therapy, this review situates the vitamin D\u2013exercise interaction as a complementary strategy that may enhance functional and systemic adaptations relevant to obesity-related complications. Limitations related to causal inference and population heterogeneity are highlighted, underscoring the need for well-powered, obesity-specific clinical trials to clarify translational relevance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2026.1750915","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T06:46:55Z","timestamp":1773298015000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Vitamin D and exercise in obesity: a neurovascular\u2013muscle axis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Xiaoxia","family":"Zheng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Education, Luoyang Institute of Science and Technology, Luoyang","place":["Henan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chuanlong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Education, Luoyang Institute of Science and 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