{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T03:06:53Z","timestamp":1792552013657,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":116,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782259200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Nutr."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The development of healthy and sustainable food-based dietary guidelines (FBDGs) is an essential measure to support the transformation to sustainable and resilient food systems. Shifting to more sustainable and healthy plant-based diets can benefit both human and planetary health, provided these diets are nutritionally adequate, healthy, environmentally friendly, and culturally acceptable.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study aimed to obtain a nutritionally adequate and healthy ovo-lacto-vegetarian diet that reduces greenhouse gas emission (GHGE) and land use (LU) by over 45% in comparison to the average observed diet among Austrian adults, while having the least deviation possible in terms of composition from this average observed diet using mathematical optimization. The results of the optimized diet served as a basis for deriving the ovo-lacto-vegetarian FBDGs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The optimized diet met all dietary reference values (DRVs) except for docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and was associated with a potential 41% reduction in disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) compared to the observed diet-related burden of disease in the Austrian population. It resulted in GHGE of 2.5 kg CO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      \u2013eq (carbon dioxide equivalent), and a LU of 2.9 m\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      \/day, corresponding to reductions of 58% and 61%, respectively. The share of energy from animal-based foods decreased from 29 E% (percentage of daily energy intake) in the observed diet to 21 E% in the optimized diet. Plant-based foods provided 65% of total protein in the optimized diet. The derived ovo-lacto-vegetarian FBDGs emphasize vegetables, fruits, grains and legumes, with only small amounts of animal-based foods, and recommend higher intakes of legumes and plant-based meat alternatives to support a shift toward a more sustainable diet.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study demonstrates that it is possible to model ovo-lacto-vegetarian FBDGs that are healthy, nutritionally adequate and environmentally sustainable, offering a promising approach for future dietary guidelines. National-level dietary modeling should form the basis for the development of healthy and sustainable FBDGs in the future.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2026.1754132","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T04:47:13Z","timestamp":1782276433000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["A path to sustainable and healthy diets: modeling ovo-lacto-vegetarian food-based dietary guidelines"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Lisa","family":"Sturm","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Center for Nutrition and Prevention, Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety, Division Integrative Risk Assessment, Data and Statistics","place":["Vienna, Austria"]},{"name":"Vienna Doctoral School of Pharmaceutical, Nutritional and Sport Sciences (PhaNuSpo)","place":["Vienna, Austria"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lena","family":"Klausmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Center for Nutrition and Prevention, Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety, Division Integrative Risk Assessment, Data and Statistics","place":["Vienna, Austria"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katrin","family":"Seper-Nagl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Center for Nutrition and Prevention, Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety, Division Integrative Risk Assessment, Data and Statistics","place":["Vienna, Austria"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oliver","family":"Alber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Statistics and Analytical Epidemiology, Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety, Division Integrative Risk Assessment, Data and Statistics","place":["Vienna, Austria"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonia","family":"Griesbacher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Statistics and Analytical Epidemiology, Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety, Division Integrative Risk Assessment, Data and Statistics","place":["Vienna, Austria"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tilman","family":"K\u00fchn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Vienna","place":["Vienna, Austria"]},{"name":"Department of Nutritional, Food and Consumer Sciences, Fulda University of Applied Sciences","place":["Fulda, Germany"]},{"name":"Medical University of Vienna, Center for Public Health","place":["Vienna, Austria"]},{"name":"Co-Center for Sustainable Food Systems and Institute for Global Food Security, Queen's University Belfast","place":["Belfast, United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Klemens","family":"Fuchs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety, Division Integrative Risk Assessment, Data and Statistics","place":["Vienna, Austria"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandra","family":"Wolf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Center for Nutrition and Prevention, Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety, Division Integrative Risk Assessment, Data and Statistics","place":["Vienna, Austria"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karl-Heinz","family":"Wagner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Vienna","place":["Vienna, Austria"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)30041-8","article-title":"Health effects of dietary risks in 195 countries, 1990-2017: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2017","author":"Afshin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)31788-4","article-title":"Food in the Anthropocene: the EAT-lancet commission on healthy diets from sustainable food systems","volume":"393","author":"Willett","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"B3","unstructured":"Rome\n          Food and Agriculture Organization\n          Achieving SDG 2 Without Breaching the 1.5 \u00b0C threshold: A Global Roadmap, Part 1\u2013How Agrifood Systems Transformation Through Accelerated Climate Actions Will Help Achieving Food security and Nutrition, Today and Tomorrow, In brief\n          \n          2023"},{"key":"B4","unstructured":"United\n              Nations\n            \n          \n          New York, NY\n          United Nations\n          Global Sustainable Development Report 2019: The Future is Now \u2013 Science for Achieving Sustainable Development.\n          \n          2019"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2133","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-024-03165-6","article-title":"Western diets and chronic diseases","volume":"30","author":"Adolph","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Med."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-802778-3.00001-9","article-title":"Chapter 1-Proteins in the Diet: Challenges in Feeding the Global Population","author":"Nadathur","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sustainable Protein Sources"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1684","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)31891-9","article-title":"Global, regional, and national age-sex-specific mortality and life expectancy, 1950-2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017","volume":"392","author":"Dicker","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)32822-8","article-title":"The global syndemic of obesity, undernutrition, and climate change: commission report","author":"Swinburn","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"B9","unstructured":"Policy brief-Transforming Food Systems to Return to Earth's Limits.\n          \n          2025"},{"key":"B10","unstructured":"Intergovernmental\n              Panel on Climate Change\n            \n          \n          Climate Change and Land: an IPCC Special Report on Climate Change, Desertification, Land Degradation, Sustainable Land Management, Food Security, and Greenhouse Gas Fluxes in Terrestrial Ecosystems\n          \n          2019"},{"key":"B11","unstructured":"Rome\n          Food and Agriculture Organization\n          Food Systems-Based Dietary Guidelines. An Overview.\n          \n          2024"},{"key":"B12","unstructured":"Gonzalez Fischer\n              C\n            \n            \n              Garnett\n              T\n            \n          \n          Rome\n          FAO and University of Oxford\n          Plates, pyramids, planet: developments in national healthy and sustainable dietary guidelines: a state of play assessment.\n          \n          2016"},{"key":"B13","unstructured":"Geneva\n          World Health Organization\n          Preparation and Use of Food-Based Dietary Guidelines. Joint FAO\/ WHO Consultation\n          \n          1998"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1460","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2010.1460","article-title":"Panel on dietetic products, nutrition, and allergies. scientific opinion on establishing food-based dietary guidelines","volume":"8","year":"2010","journal-title":"EFSA J"},{"key":"B15","unstructured":"n.d.\n          Food-Based Dietary Guidelines"},{"key":"B16","unstructured":"Rome\n          Food and Agriculture Organization and World Health Organization\n          Sustainable healthy diets. Guiding principles\n          \n          2019"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1625","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(25)01201-2","article-title":"The EAT-lancet commission on healthy, sustainable, and just food systems","volume":"406","author":"Rockstr\u00f6m","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"B18","unstructured":"Meat consumption and vegetarianism in Europe - Statistics and Facts\n          \n          \n          2024"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"nzac144","DOI":"10.1093\/cdn\/nzac144","article-title":"A Global Analysis of national dietary guidelines on plant-based diets and substitutions for animal-based foods","volume":"6","author":"Klapp","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr Dev Nutr"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1038\/s43016-023-00795-w","article-title":"Vegans, vegetarians, fish-eaters and meat-eaters in the UK show discrepant environmental impacts","volume":"4","author":"Scarborough","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nature Food."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2419","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980019001435","article-title":"Development of healthy and sustainable food-based dietary guidelines for the Netherlands","volume":"22","author":"Brink","year":"2019","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1093\/advances\/nmy049","article-title":"Mathematical optimization to explore tomorrow's sustainable diets: a narrative review","volume":"9","author":"Gazan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv Nutr."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"00048","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2018.00048","article-title":"A review of the use of linear programming to optimize diets, nutritiously, economically and environmentally","volume":"5","author":"van","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Nutr."},{"key":"B24","first-page":"M158","article-title":"f\u00fcr die DGE Arbeitsgruppe Lebensmittelbezogene Ern\u00e4hrungsempfehlungen","volume":"71","author":"Sch\u00e4fer","year":"2024","journal-title":"Wissenschaftliche Grundlagen der lebensmittelbezogenen Ern\u00e4hrungsempfehlungen f\u00fcr Deutschland Methodik und Ableitungskonzepte Ern\u00e4hrungs Umschau."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2025.11.16.25340354","article-title":"A methodological framework for deriving the German food-based dietary guidelines 2024: a multi-objective function including human health, the environment, and observed dietary intakes","author":"Sch\u00e4fer","year":"2025","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0313347","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0313347","article-title":"A methodological framework for deriving the German food-based dietary guidelines 2024: food groups, nutrient goals, and objective functions","volume":"20","author":"Sch\u00e4fer","year":"2025","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2514","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/nxac150","article-title":"Approximately half of total protein intake by adults must be animal-based to meet nonprotein, nutrient-based recommendations, with variations due to age and sex","volume":"152","author":"Vieux","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Nutr."},{"key":"B28","article-title":"\u00d6sterreichischer Ern\u00e4hrungsbericht 2017","author":"Rust","year":"2017","journal-title":"Wien: Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Gesundheit und Frauen."},{"key":"B29","unstructured":"Food Consumption Data\n          \n          European Food Safety Authority\n          \n          2024"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.1080\/19440049.2011.576440","article-title":"Methodological characteristics of the national dietary surveys carried out in the European Union as included in the European food safety authority (EFSA) comprehensive European food consumption database","volume":"28","author":"Merten","year":"2011","journal-title":"Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1754E","DOI":"10.2903\/sp.efsa.2019.EN-1754","volume":"16","author":"K\u00f6nig","year":"2019","journal-title":"Menu Austria: Food Consumption Data for Austrian Adolescents, Adults and Pregnant Wome"},{"key":"B32","volume-title":"The Food Classification and Description System FoodEx2 (revision 2).","author":"European","year":"2015"},{"key":"B33","unstructured":"dato\n              Denkwerkzeuge\n            \n          \n          BLS3.02-Bundeslebensmittelschl\u00fcssel [Dataset], nuts science (v1.33.25)[Software],Vienna.\n          \n          2024"},{"key":"B34","unstructured":"\u00d6NWT-\u00d6sterreichische N\u00e4hrwerttabelle [Dataset], nuts science (v1.33.25)[Software]; Vienna\n          \n          \n            \n              dato\n              Denkwerkzeuge\n            \n          \n          \n          2025"},{"key":"B35","unstructured":"Frequently asked questions about the German Federal Food Code\n          \n          \n            \n              Max\n              Rubner Institut\n            \n          \n          \n          2026"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104617","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dib.2019.104617","article-title":"van \u2018t Veer P. SHARP-Indicators database towards a public database for environmental sustainability","volume":"27","author":"Mertens","year":"2019","journal-title":"Data Brief"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-019-00523-4","article-title":"Intake of 12 food groups and disability-adjusted life years from coronary heart disease, stroke, type 2 diabetes, and colorectal cancer in 16 European countries","volume":"34","author":"Schwingshackl","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur J Epidemiol."},{"key":"B38","unstructured":"R: a Language and Environment for Statistical Computing\n          \n          \n            \n              R\n              Core Team\n            \n          \n          \n          2022"},{"key":"B39","article-title":"RMariaDB: database interface and MariaDB driver","author":"M\u00fcller","year":"2022","journal-title":"R package version 122."},{"key":"B40","author":"Deutsche","year":"2024","journal-title":"Referenzwerte f\u00fcr die N\u00e4hrstoffzufuhr"},{"key":"B41","unstructured":"European\n              Food Safety Authority\n            \n          \n          Parma\n          EFSA\n          Overview on tolerable upper intake levels as derived by the scientific committee on food and the EFSA panel on dietetic products, nutrition and allergies\n          \n          2024"},{"key":"B42","unstructured":"German\n              Nutrition Society MRI\n            \n          \n          Ausgew\u00e4hlte Fragen und Antworten zu Vitamin D\n          \n          2012"},{"key":"B43","article-title":"Technical conversion factors for agricultural commodities","year":""},{"key":"B44","article-title":"ROI: R optimization infrastructure","author":"Hornik","year":"2023","journal-title":"R package version 10-1."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schwendinger\n              F\n            \n          \n          ROI.plugin.lpsolve: \u2018lp_solve' Plugin for the \u2018R' Optimization Infrastructure.\n          \n          2021","DOI":"10.32614\/CRAN.package.ROI.plugin.highs"},{"key":"B46","unstructured":"Theussl\n              S\n            \n          \n          ROI.plugin.quadprog: \u2018quadprog' Plug-in for the \u2018R' Optimization Infrastructure\n          \n          2023"},{"key":"B47","article-title":"shiny: Web Application Framework for R","author":"Chang","year":"2022","journal-title":"R package version 174."},{"key":"B48","first-page":"1","article-title":"Summary for Policymakers","volume-title":"Global Warming of 15\u00b0C: IPCC Special Report on Impacts of Global Warming of 15\u00b0C above Pre-industrial Levels in Context of Strengthening Response to Climate Change, Sustainable Development, and Efforts to Eradicate Poverty","author":"Intergovernmental","year":"2022"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1017\/9781009157926.005","article-title":"Mitigation Pathways Compatible with Long-term Goals","author":"Riahi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Climate Change 2022-Mitigation of Climate Change: Working Group III Contribution to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"942","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114520004857","article-title":"Integration of various dimensions in food-based dietary guidelines via mathematical approaches: report of a DGE\/FENS Workshop in Bonn, Germany, 23\u201324 September 2019","volume":"126","author":"Sch\u00e4fer","year":"2021","journal-title":"British J Nutr."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1093\/advances\/nmaa176","article-title":"Perspective: modeling healthy eating patterns for food-based dietary guidelines-scientific concepts, methodological processes, limitations, and lessons","volume":"12","author":"Mariotti","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv Nutr."},{"key":"B52","unstructured":"Bundesamt\n              f\u00fcr Lebensmittelsicherheit und Veterin\u00e4rwesen\n            \n          \n          FAQ-Schweizer Ern\u00e4hrungsempfehlungen\n          \n          2024"},{"key":"B53","unstructured":"\u00d6sterreichische Ern\u00e4hrungsempfehlungen\n          \n          \n          2024"},{"key":"B54","unstructured":"Vegetarianism by Country 2024\n          \n          2024"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100342","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gfs.2019.100342","article-title":"Healthy low nitrogen footprint diets","volume":"24","author":"Costa Leite","year":"2020","journal-title":"Glob Food Sec."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0165797","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0165797","article-title":"The impacts of dietary change on greenhouse gas emissions, land use, water use, and health: a systematic review","volume":"11","author":"Aleksandrowicz","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4110","DOI":"10.3390\/su11154110","article-title":"Which diet has the least environmental impact on our planet?","volume":"11","author":"Chai","year":"2019"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S389","DOI":"10.1093\/advances\/nmz037","article-title":"Achieving healthy and sustainable diets: a review of the results of recent mathematical optimization studies","volume":"10","author":"Wilson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv Nutr"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123014","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/abc2f7","article-title":"Climate change mitigation through dietary change: a systematic review of empirical and modelling studies on the environmental footprints and health effects of \u2018sustainable diets'","volume":"15","author":"Jarmul","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ Res Lett."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-45328-6","article-title":"Sustainability benefits of transitioning from current diets to plant-based alternatives or whole-food diets in Sweden","volume":"15","author":"Bunge","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Commun."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1007\/s10584-019-02508-4","article-title":"The carbon footprint of Danish diets","volume":"156","author":"Bruno","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clim Change."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2013.09.011","article-title":"Potential water saving through changes in European diets","volume":"61","author":"Vanham","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ Int."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137807","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2023.137807","article-title":"What is the water footprint of EU food consumption? A comparison of water footprint assessment methods","volume":"415","author":"Garc\u00eda-Herrero","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Cleaner Product."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100357","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gfs.2020.100357","article-title":"Treenuts and groundnuts in the EAT-Lancet reference diet: concerns regarding sustainable water use","volume":"24","author":"Vanham","year":"2020","journal-title":"Global Food Security."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"m2322","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m2322","article-title":"The healthiness and sustainability of national and global food based dietary guidelines: modelling study","volume":"370","author":"Springmann","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7760","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2021.1918628","article-title":"Plant-based diets and risk of disease mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies","volume":"62","author":"Jafari","year":"2022","journal-title":"Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2018.02.004","article-title":"Plant-based diets and cardiovascular health","volume":"28","author":"Satija","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trends Cardiovasc Med."},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.2337\/dc20-1636","article-title":"et al","volume":"44","author":"Chen","year":"2021"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1940","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000011713","article-title":"Quality of plant-based diet and risk of total, ischemic, and hemorrhagic stroke","volume":"96","author":"Baden","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurology."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1921","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-21-0352","article-title":"et al. Healthful and unhealthful plant-based diets and risk of breast cancer in US women: results from the nurses' health studies","volume":"30","author":"Romanos-Nanclares","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2648","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-025-23988-3","article-title":"Impact of healthy and sustainable diets on the mortality burden from cardiometabolic diseases and colorectal cancer in Mexican adults: a modeling study","volume":"25","author":"Arango-Angarita","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMC Public Health."},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2020.02.037","article-title":"Health outcomes associated with vegetarian diets: An umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses","volume":"39","author":"Oussalah","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Nutr."},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3423","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehad436","article-title":"Vegetarian and vegan diets: benefits and drawbacks","volume":"44","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur Heart J."},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-022-02942-8","article-title":"Vegetarian and vegan diets and the risk of cardiovascular disease, ischemic heart disease and stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies","volume":"62","author":"Dybvik","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur J Nutr."},{"key":"B75","unstructured":"Copenhagen\n          WHO Regional Office for Europe\n          Plant-Based Diets and their Impact on Health, Sustainability and the Environment. A Review of the Evidence.\n          \n          2021"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0594-0","article-title":"Options for keeping the food system within environmental limits","volume":"562","author":"Springmann","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature."},{"key":"B77","unstructured":"Ritchie\n              H\n            \n            \n              Rosado\n              P\n            \n            \n              Roser\n              M\n            \n          \n          Our World in Data-Meat and Dairy Production\n          \n          2023"},{"key":"B78","unstructured":"Geneva\n          World Health Organization\n          Red and processed meat in the context of health and the environment: many shades of red and green. Information brief.\n          \n          2023"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0204139","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0204139","article-title":"Health-motivated taxes on red and processed meat: a modelling study on optimal tax levels and associated health impacts","volume":"13","author":"Springmann","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"B80","first-page":"90","article-title":"Potenziell kritische N\u00e4hrstoffe bei vegetarischer und veganer Ern\u00e4hrung. Empfehlungen zur bedarfsgerechten Zufuhr\u2013Teil 1","author":"Dawczynski","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ern\u00e4hrungs Umschau 2024."},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1007\/s13668-019-00298-w","article-title":"Multiple health benefits and minimal risks associated with vegetarian diets","volume":"8","author":"Rocha","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr Nutr Rep."},{"key":"B82","unstructured":"Copenhagen\n          World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe\n          Prevention and Control of Iodine Deficiency in the WHO European Region: Adapting to Changes in Diet and Lifestyle\n          \n          2024"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2365","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11102365","article-title":"Alpha-linolenic and linoleic fatty acids in the vegan diet: do they require dietary reference intake\/adequate intake special consideration?","volume":"11","author":"Burns-Whitmore","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nutrients."},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2011.596292","article-title":"Bioavailability and potential uses of vegetarian sources of omega-3 fatty acids: a review of the literature","volume":"54","author":"Lane","year":"2014","journal-title":"Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr."},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.113.071555","article-title":"Plant compared with marine n-3 fatty acid effects on cardiovascular risk factors and outcomes: what is the verdict?","author":"Sanders","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr."},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1040","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.2010.29457","article-title":"Dietary intake and status of n\u22123 polyunsaturated fatty acids in a population of fish-eating and non-fish-eating meat-eaters, vegetarians, and vegans and the precursor-product ratio of \u03b1-linolenic acid to long-chain n\u22123 polyunsaturated fatty acids: results from the EPIC-Norfolk cohort123","volume":"92","author":"Welch","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr."},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1176","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2009.1176","article-title":"Labelling reference intake values for n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids","volume":"7","author":"European","year":"2009","journal-title":"EFSA J."},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9343","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26199343","article-title":"Comparative Bioavailability of DHA and EPA from Microalgal and Fish Oil in Adults","volume":"26","author":"Bailey","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci."},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1038\/ejcn.2010.142","article-title":"Serum concentrations of vitamin B12 and folate in British male omnivores, vegetarians and vegans: results from a cross-sectional analysis of the EPIC-Oxford cohort study","volume":"64","author":"Gilsing","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Nutr."},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4144","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13114144","article-title":"The safe and effective use of plant-based diets with guidelines for health professionals","volume":"13","author":"Craig","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14010029","article-title":"Nutrient intake and status in adults consuming plant-based diets compared to meat-eaters: a systematic review","volume":"14","author":"Neufingerl","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1177\/1559827616682933","article-title":"Iron status of vegetarian adults: a review of literature","volume":"12","author":"Pawlak","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Lifestyle Med."},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2025.1537208","article-title":"Modern challenges of iodine nutrition: vegan and vegetarian diets","author":"Croce","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2154","DOI":"10.1093\/nutrit\/nuac032","article-title":"ter Borg S, Eilander A, Hora K, et al. A systematic review of iodine intake in children, adults, and pregnant women in Europe\u2014comparison against dietary recommendations and evaluation of dietary iodine sources","volume":"80","author":"Bath","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nutr Rev"},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfca.2004.06.003","article-title":"Iodine content of food groups","volume":"18","author":"Haldimann","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Food Composition Analy."},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1159\/000512971","article-title":"Iodine, seaweed, and the thyroid","volume":"10","author":"Smyth","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur Thyroid J."},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e07798","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2023.7798","article-title":"Dietary exposure to heavy metals and iodine intake via consumption of seaweeds and halophytes in the European population","volume":"21","author":"European","year":"2023","journal-title":"EFSA J."},{"key":"B98","unstructured":"I Nr\n          \n          Bundesgesetz \u00fcber den Verkehr mit Speisesalz (Speisesalzgesetz)."},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1007\/s13668-022-00401-8","article-title":"Plant-based diet: is it as good as an animal-based diet when it comes to protein?","volume":"11","author":"Ewy","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr Nutr Rep."},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"809685","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2021.809685","article-title":"Combining plant proteins to achieve amino acid profiles adapted to various nutritional objectives-an exploratory analysis using linear programming","volume":"8","author":"Dimina","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Nutr."},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1038\/s43016-024-00975-2","article-title":"Circular food system approaches can support current European protein intake levels while reducing land use and greenhouse gas emissions","volume":"5","author":"Simon","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nature Food."},{"key":"B102","unstructured":"Market insights on European plant-based sales 2020\u20132022."},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2817","DOI":"10.3390\/su14052817","article-title":"Individual diet optimization in french adults shows that plant-based \u201cdairy-like\u201d products may complement dairy in sustainable diets","volume":"14","author":"Gazan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sustainability."},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100530","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gfs.2021.100530","article-title":"The shift to plant-based diets: are we missing the point?","volume":"29","author":"Wickramasinghe","year":"2021","journal-title":"Global Food Security."},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e200919","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2022.e200919","article-title":"Risk\u2013benefit assessment of shifting from traditional meat-based diets to alternative dietary patterns","volume":"20","author":"Mihalache","year":"2022","journal-title":"EFSA J"},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14336","DOI":"10.3390\/su151914336","article-title":"Safety and nutritional risks associated with plant-based meat alternatives","volume":"15","author":"Bogueva","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sustainability."},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-environ-102017-025957","article-title":"The diet, health, and environment trilemma","volume":"43","author":"Clark","year":"2018","journal-title":"Annual Rev Environ Res"},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980016002299","article-title":"Legume consumption and CVD risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"20","author":"Marventano","year":"2017","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr."},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaq0216","article-title":"Reducing food's environmental impacts through producers and consumers","volume":"360","author":"Poore","year":"2018","journal-title":"Science."},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117827","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2019.117827","article-title":"Dietary choices and environmental impact in four European countries","volume":"237","author":"Mertens","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Clean Prod."},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.3945\/an.115.011015","article-title":"Systematic review of the measurement of sustainable diets","volume":"7","author":"Jones","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv Nutr."},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1007\/s13165-026-00549-5","article-title":"Sustainable, healthy, and affordable? A comparative analysis of the minimum cost of diets in the urban food environment of Vienna, Austria","author":"Ellssel","year":"2026","journal-title":"Organic Agricul."},{"key":"B113","unstructured":"Schlatzer\n              M\n            \n            \n              Lindenthal\n              T\n            \n          \n          Vienna\n          FIBL, WWF\n          Leistbarkeit verschiedener Ern\u00e4hrungsweisen in \u00d6sterreich und ihre Auswirkungen auf Klima, Gesundheit und Nachhaltigkeit.\n          \n          2025"},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4723","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15224723","article-title":"Exploring benefits and barriers of plant-based diets: health, environmental impact, food accessibility and acceptability","volume":"15","author":"Viroli","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nutrients."},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.4455\/eu.2022.012","article-title":"The Planetary Health Diet in contrast to the food-based dietary guidelines of the German Nutrition Society (DGE). A DGE statement","volume":"69","author":"Breidenassel","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ernaehr-Umsch."},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e797","DOI":"10.1016\/S2542-5196(21)00251-5","article-title":"The global and regional costs of healthy and sustainable dietary patterns: a modelling study","volume":"5","author":"Springmann","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Planet Health"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Nutrition"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnut.2026.1754132\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T04:47:42Z","timestamp":1782276462000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnut.2026.1754132\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]]},"references-count":116,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fnut.2026.1754132"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnut.2026.1754132","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-861X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-861X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]]},"article-number":"1754132"}}