{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]],"date-time":"2026-02-04T16:58:10Z","timestamp":1770224290491,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]],"date-time":"2026-02-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770163200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Nutr."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Recent studies suggest that type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is characterized by a systemic, low-grade chronic inflammatory state. Although cow milk protein (CMP) has been shown to alleviate this inflammation, its underlying mechanisms remain unclear.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Therefore, we investigated how CMP mitigates systemic chronic inflammation in T2DM using both\n                      <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      digestion and mouse models.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The\n                      <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      digestion model demonstrated that CMP, with its low degree of hydrolysis, exhibits significant anti-\u03b1-amylase and antioxidant activities. In the\n                      <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                      study, CMP markedly reduced fasting blood glucose (FBG) and reversed diabetes-related body weight loss. CMP intervention significantly decreased oxidative stress markers, including malondialdehyde (MDA) and reactive oxygen species (ROS), while enhancing the activity of the antioxidant enzyme glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px). Moreover, CMP suppressed macrophage polarization toward the M1 phenotype and reduced the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Finally, CMP administration ameliorated lipid infiltration in the liver and intestine, mitigated pancreatic islet atrophy, and concurrently alleviated renal pathologies such as glomerular hypertrophy, glycation, and fibrosis.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In conclusion, CMP ameliorates systemic chronic inflammation in T2DM by disrupting the ROS\u2013M1 macrophage vicious cycle.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2026.1758163","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]],"date-time":"2026-02-04T05:33:49Z","timestamp":1770183229000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Research on the mechanism of cow milk protein dietary intervention in ameliorating systemic chronic inflammation in type 2 diabetes by disrupting the ROS-M1 macrophage axis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Fumei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioengineering of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University","place":["Lanzhou, China"]},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Northwest Minzu University","place":["Lanzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lin","family":"Bai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioengineering of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University","place":["Lanzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Heqiang","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioengineering of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University","place":["Lanzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jianrong","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences and Engineering, Northwest Minzu University","place":["Lanzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhuxin","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences and Engineering, Northwest Minzu University","place":["Lanzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jia","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences and Engineering, Northwest Minzu University","place":["Lanzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zilin","family":"Qiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioengineering of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University","place":["Lanzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yumei","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences and Engineering, Northwest Minzu University","place":["Lanzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fei","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shengyuan Nutritional Food Co., Ltd.","place":["Qingdao, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaojing","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioengineering of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University","place":["Lanzhou, China"]},{"name":"School of Life Sciences and Engineering, Northwest Minzu University","place":["Lanzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaoxia","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Second Hospital and Clinical Medical School, Lanzhou University","place":["Lanzhou, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfaf177","article-title":"Idf diabetes atlas 11th edition 2025: global prevalence and projections for 2050","volume":"41","author":"Duncan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1186\/s40779-025-00615-1","article-title":"The national and provincial prevalence and non-fatal burdens of diabetes in China from 2005 to 2023 with projections of prevalence to 2050","volume":"12","author":"Zhou","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mil Med 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