{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T16:08:29Z","timestamp":1787242109153,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":137,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,26]],"date-time":"2026-05-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779753600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Nutr."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Millets are ancient cereal grains cultivated for over 10,000 years across more than 90 countries. They are nutritionally rich, providing carbohydrates, high-quality protein, fiber, vitamins, and micronutrients (such as iron and zinc), making them crucial for food and nutritional security. Despite their intrinsic nutritional and ecological value, the total area under millet cultivation declined substantially after the mid-20th century Green Revolution, as government-backed agricultural policies largely incentivized cereal based agronomy. Central India's Bundelkhand region faces food and nutrition insecurity due to erratic rainfall, low soil fertility, land degradation, frequent droughts, and other natural calamities. In this challenging context, the systematic revitalization of millet cultivation is increasingly recognized as a critical intervention. Historically integral to Bundelkhand's traditional farming systems, these indigenous crops offer a reliable climate-resilient alternative to water-intensive major cereals. Globally, millet production is about 30 million tons (with an average yield of ~1 t\/ha), of which India contributes roughly 40%\u221243% (approximately 16.4 mt from 13.3 million hectares). However, millet cultivation in Bundelkhand lag significantly below the national average in terms of net cultivated area, production and productivity. This review outlines the historical trajectory of millet cultivation in Bundelkhand, its decline in post-Green Revolution era, and its emerging role in ensuring food and nutritional security. The review also explores recent advances in millet improvement research, specifically highlighting the development of high-yielding, stress-tolerant, and biofortified varieties. Furthermore, their nutritional benefits, the efficacy of supportive public policies, and the impact of community-driven revival initiatives. By integrating agronomic, genetic, and socio-economic perspectives, the review highlights millet's potential to diversify cropping systems, restore degraded agro-ecosystems, and strengthen the livelihoods of smallholder farmers and resilience in climate-vulnerable regions like Bundelkhand, thus contributing to sustainable, resilient, and equitable food and nutrition systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2026.1759815","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,26]],"date-time":"2026-05-26T04:50:09Z","timestamp":1779771009000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Millets for food and nutritional security in semi-arid Bundelkhand, India: historical, scientific, and socio-economic perspectives"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Rumana","family":"Khan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Rani Lakshmi Bai Central Agricultural University","place":["Jhansi, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silpa","family":"Sahoo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Rani Lakshmi Bai Central Agricultural University","place":["Jhansi, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shivam","family":"Yadav","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, GB Pant University of Agriculture and Technology","place":["UdhamSingh Nagar, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jitendra Kumar","family":"Tiwari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Rani Lakshmi Bai Central Agricultural University","place":["Jhansi, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ajaya Kumar","family":"Rout","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Rani Lakshmi Bai Central Agricultural University","place":["Jhansi, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nidhish","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Rani Lakshmi Bai Central Agricultural University","place":["Jhansi, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manoj Kumar","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Rani Lakshmi Bai Central Agricultural University","place":["Jhansi, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dinesh C.","family":"Joshi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)- Vivekananda Parvatiya Krishi Anusandhan Sansthan","place":["Almora, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P. Sanjana","family":"Reddy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) \u2013 Indian Institute of Millets Research (IIMR)","place":["Hyderabad, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1386469","DOI":"10.3389\/fsufs.2024.1386469","article-title":"Millet production, challenges, and opportunities in the Asia-pacific region: a comprehensive review","volume":"8","author":"Harish","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Sustain Food Syst."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.9734\/ijpss\/2023\/v35i22758","article-title":"Underutilized nutrient rich millets: challenges and solutions for India's food and nutritional security: a review","volume":"35","author":"Tiwari","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Plant Soil Sci."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S18","DOI":"10.4103\/jdras.jdras_113_23","article-title":"A critical review of the history and practices of millets in India","volume":"8","author":"Veerabadhran","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Drug Res Ayurvedic Sci."},{"key":"B4","first-page":"1","article-title":"Runoff and soil loss under varying rainfall magnitudes and its prediction for different vegetative cover s in Bundelkhand region","volume":"39","author":"Lakaria","year":"2011","journal-title":"Indian J Soil Conserv."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.agron.2018.01.001","article-title":"Cracks and potholes in vertisols: characteristics, occurrence, and management","volume":"149","author":"Somasundaram","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv Agron"},{"key":"B6","unstructured":"129\n          39\n          \n            \n              Jadaun\n              KK\n            \n            \n              Khan\n              AA\n            \n          \n          Impact of Climate Change on Millet Yield in India since 1991: An Econometric Analysis\n          \n          2023"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.5958\/2231-6701.2016.00017.8","article-title":"Identification of drought prone areas and trend analysis of rainfall phenomenon in Dhasan Basin","volume":"31","author":"Kar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Indian J Dryland Agric Res Dev."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s43014-025-00316-1","article-title":"Millets in the global market: a critical review of challenges and opportunities","volume":"7","author":"Muskan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Food Prod Process Nutr."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107543","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agwat.2022.107543","article-title":"Assessing soil water balance to optimize irrigation schedules of flood-irrigated maize fields with different cultivation histories in the arid region","volume":"265","author":"Yi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Agric Water Manag."},{"key":"B10","first-page":"282","article-title":"Assessing the growth performance of millet in Uttar Pradesh: a decomposition analysis","volume":"39","author":"Parvat","year":"2024","journal-title":"Bhartiya Krishi Anusandhan Patrika."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5296\/rae.v5i1.2617","article-title":"Food crop farmers' willingness to participate in market-based crop insurance scheme: evidence from Ghana","volume":"5","author":"George","year":"2013","journal-title":"Res Appl Econ."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.18203\/issn.2454-2156.IntJSciRep20214102","article-title":"Nutrition status and socio-economic inequality among children (0-59 months) across different regions of Uttar Pradesh","volume":"7","author":"Mishra","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Sci Rep."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.4103\/ijcm.IJCM_151_18","article-title":"Determinants of stunting, wasting, and underweight in five high-burden pockets of four Indian States","volume":"43","author":"Sinha","year":"2018","journal-title":"Indian J Commun Med."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.21048\/ijnd.2018.55.3.20165","article-title":"Nutritional status of the population in Bundelkhand region","volume":"55","author":"Boiroju","year":"2018","journal-title":"Indian J Nutr Diet."},{"key":"B15","year":"2020","journal-title":"National Family Health Survey-5: Uttar Pradesh Report"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.4103\/0019-557X.123268","article-title":"Dimensions of nutritional vulnerability: Assessment of women and children in Sahariyatribal community of Madhya Pradesh in India","volume":"57","author":"Ghosh-Jerath","year":"2013","journal-title":"Indian J Public Health."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2732","DOI":"10.1007\/s13197-020-04309-5","article-title":"Glycemic index of millet based food mix and its effect on pre diabetic subjects","volume":"57","author":"Geetha","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Food Sci Technol."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.3390\/foods11040499","article-title":"Modern processing of Indian millets: a perspective on changes in nutritional properties","volume":"11","author":"Gowda","year":"2022","journal-title":"Foods."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e22123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e22123","article-title":"Millets: the future crops for the tropics - Status, challenges and future prospects","volume":"9","author":"Kheya","year":"2023","journal-title":"Heliyon."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.22271\/tpi.2021.v10.i5e.6225","article-title":"Millets: nutritional potential and utilization","volume":"10","author":"Gaikwad","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pharm Innov J."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1346869","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2024.1346869","article-title":"The nutrition and therapeutic potential of millets: an updated narrative review","volume":"11","author":"Jacob","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Nutr."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1021\/jf103896z","article-title":"Inhibitory activities of soluble and bound millet seed phenolics on free radicals and reactive oxygen species","volume":"59","author":"Chandrasekara","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Agric Food Chem."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1007\/s12275-021-0525-x","article-title":"Effects of digested Cheonggukjang on human microbiota assessed by in vitro fecal fermentation","volume":"59","author":"Singh","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Microbiol"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134735","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2022.134735","article-title":"Effects of heat-treated starch and protein from foxtail millet (Setaria italica) on type 2 diabetic mice","volume":"404","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food Chem"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.2800699","article-title":"Recent social development in India: some lessons from the nutrition debate","volume":"48","author":"Dr\u00e8ze","year":"2013","journal-title":"Econ Polit Wkly."},{"key":"B26","volume-title":"Indigenous peoples' food systems: the many dimensions of nutrition","author":"Kuhnlein","year":"2009"},{"key":"B27","volume-title":"The state of food security and nutrition in the world 2021","year":"2021"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.38124\/ijisrt\/25jun134","article-title":"Revitalizing millet-based food systems in Bundelkhand: a review of culinary heritage and local recipes","volume":"10","author":"Ojha","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Innov Sci Res Technol."},{"key":"B29","unstructured":"Home | USDA Foreign Agricultural Service. Government Website\n          \n          2025"},{"key":"B30","unstructured":"Cabinet approves Minimum Support Prices (MSP) for Kharif Crops for Marketing Season 2024-25\n          \n          2024"},{"key":"B31","unstructured":"Home | Department of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare | MoA and FW | Government of India, India\n          \n          2024"},{"key":"B32","volume-title":"Problems and potentials of Bundelkhand with special reference to water resource base","author":"Prakash","year":"1998"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.30954\/0424-2513.4.2018.31","article-title":"Analysis of factors triggering distress migration in Bundelkhand Region of Central India","volume":"63","author":"Anuja","year":"2018","journal-title":"Econ Aff."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1007\/s40011-012-0035-z","article-title":"Biodiversity and nutraceutical quality of some Indian millets","volume":"82","author":"Gupta","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci India Section B Biol Sci."},{"key":"B35","unstructured":"Sandhu\n              L\n            \n            \n              Gautam\n              U\n            \n            \n              Ghosh\n              P\n            \n            \n              Dubey\n              S\n            \n            \n              Singh\n              A\n            \n            \n              Kumar\n              R\n            \n            \n              Singh\n              H\n            \n          \n          Technical Report\n          Agro-climatic Region Centered Research and Development Planning\n          \n          2016"},{"key":"B36","unstructured":"NITI\n              Aayog\n            \n          \n          Annual Report 2018-19\n          \n          2018"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1266","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2017.01266","article-title":"Millets for next generation climate-smart agriculture","volume":"8","author":"Bandyopadhyay","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Plant Sci."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3049","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/err012","article-title":"The role of proteins in C3 plants prior to their recruitment into the C4 pathway","volume":"62","author":"Aubry","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Exp Bot."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2989","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/err179","article-title":"Exploiting the engine of C4 photosynthesis","volume":"62","author":"Sage","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Exp Bot."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1485","DOI":"10.3390\/life15091485","article-title":"Drought tolerance evaluation and classification of foxtail millet core germplasms using comprehensive tolerance indices","volume":"15","author":"Zhao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Life."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2016.00829","article-title":"Characterization of pearl millet root architecture and anatomy reveals three types of lateral roots","volume":"7","author":"Passot","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Plant Sci."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1574699","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2025.1574699","article-title":"Harnessing the potential of millets for climate-resilient and sustainable agriculture","volume":"16","author":"Mukherjee","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Plant Sci."},{"key":"B43","unstructured":"Annual Report\n          Annual Report- 2021-22\n          \n          2021"},{"key":"B44","unstructured":"National Human Development Report [India] | United Nations Development Programme\n          \n          2012"},{"key":"B45","first-page":"195","article-title":"Exploring conservation agricultural practices in Bundelkhand Region, Central India","volume-title":"Conservation Agriculture: A Sustainable Approach for Soil Health and Food Security.","author":"Kumar","year":"2021"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Phiri\n              K\n            \n            \n              Dube\n              T\n            \n            \n              Moyo\n              P\n            \n            \n              Ncube\n              C\n            \n            \n              Ndlovu\n              S\n            \n          \n          Full article: Small grains \u201cresistance\u201d? Making sense of Zimbabwean smallholder farmers' cropping choices and patterns within a climate change context\n          \n          2019","DOI":"10.1080\/23311886.2019.1622485"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.18551\/rjoas.2015-05.04","article-title":"The feasibility of small grains as an adoptive strategy to climate change","volume":"41","author":"Mathew","year":"2015","journal-title":"Russ J Agric Soc Econ Sci."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10209","DOI":"10.5194\/hessd-10-10209-2013","article-title":"Forecasting droughts in East Africa","volume":"18","author":"Mwangi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hydrol Earth Syst Sci"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100393","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gfs.2020.100393","article-title":"Agricultural mechanization in Africa: myths, realities and an emerging research agenda","volume":"26","author":"Daum","year":"2020","journal-title":"Glob Food Secur."},{"key":"B50","unstructured":"Fang\n              C\n            \n          \n          Presentation\n          Development of agricultural mechanization in China\n          \n          2017"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2012.03.026","article-title":"Fuzzy analysis of sensory attributes of bread prepared from millet-based composite flours","volume":"48","author":"Singh","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lebensm Wiss Technol."},{"key":"B52","unstructured":"Singhal\n              R\n            \n          \n          Design of multi-crop thresher: a case study, Madanlal Kumawat\n          \n          2024"},{"key":"B53","unstructured":"Gbabo\n              A\n            \n            \n              Gana\n              IM\n            \n            \n              Amoto\n              MS\n            \n          \n          Design, fabrication and testing of a millet thresher\n          \n          2013"},{"key":"B54","first-page":"47","article-title":"Development of a motorized stationary sorghum thresher","volume":"40","author":"Simonyan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Agricultural Mechan Asia Afr Latin Am."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.3126\/jnarc.v7i1.36922","article-title":"Advancement, simplification and piloting of electrical Proso Millet De-Husker (Chino Kutak)","volume":"7","author":"Bhandari","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Nepal Agric Res Council."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13937","DOI":"10.1111\/jfpe.13937","article-title":"Development and performance evaluation of foxtail millet (Setaria italica L) dehuller","volume":"45","author":"Chikkaballapur Krishnappa","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Food Process Eng."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1007\/s42853-019-00029-7","article-title":"Development and evaluation of finger millet thresher-cum-pearler","volume":"44","author":"Powar","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Biosyst Eng."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.5958\/2250-0499.2018.00015.0","article-title":"Design, development and performance evaluation of minor millet de-husker","volume":"8","author":"Patil","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Farm Sci."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.31224\/osf.io\/v5n4g","article-title":"Design and fabrication of De-husking machine using Cam follower mechanism for Proso (cheeno), Fox-tail (Kaguno) millet","author":"Basnet","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eng Arch."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matpr.2020.11.314","article-title":"Design and development of compact Foxtail millet deshelling machine","volume":"42","author":"Ullegaddi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mater Today Proc."},{"key":"B61","first-page":"2726","article-title":"Performance evaluation of minor millet processing machines suitable for small and medium scale industries","volume":"12","author":"Kaleemullah","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pharm Innov J."},{"key":"B62","unstructured":"Press release\n          PM POSHAN\n          \n          2022"},{"key":"B63","unstructured":"2022"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.1604180","article-title":"Forming the basis for integration of local climate governance into development plans for resilient livelihood transformations in Bundelkhand Region: two opposing perspectives","author":"Kedia","year":"2010","journal-title":"SSRN Electron J."},{"key":"B65","unstructured":"Bisht\n              H\n            \n            \n              Shaikh\n              GG\n            \n          \n          Climate resilient development in Bundelkhand region of Madhya Pradesh- mainstreaming Climate Change Adaptation in Policy and Planning\n          \n          2015"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1716","DOI":"10.18520\/cs\/v110\/i9\/1716-1729","article-title":"A simple and farmer-friendly decision support system for enhancing water use efficiency in agriculture: tool development, testing and validation","volume":"110","author":"Garg","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr Sci."},{"key":"B67","author":"Rao","year":"2007","journal-title":"Reorientation of Investment in R & D of Millets for Food Security: The Case of Sorghum in India"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1007\/s00703-014-0361-1","article-title":"Comprehensive evaluation of the changing drought characteristics in Bundelkhand region of Central India","volume":"127","author":"Thomas","year":"2015","journal-title":"Meterol Atmos Phys."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.9734\/ajaar\/2020\/v12i330086","article-title":"Farmers' perception and micro-level climate adaptation strategies in Bundelkhand region, India","volume":"12","author":"Singh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Asian J Adv Agric Res."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agee.2014.11.005","article-title":"Traditional rainwater management system (\u2018Haveli') in Vertisols of central India improves carbon sequestration and biological soil fertility","volume":"200","author":"Sahu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Agric Ecosyst Environ."},{"key":"B71","unstructured":"Shah\n              T\n            \n          \n          Climate change and groundwater: India's opportunities for mitigation and adaptation\n          \n          2013"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.46852\/0424-2513.3.2024.9","article-title":"Constraints in farmers' purchase decisions of agricultural inputs in High Hills Temperate Wet Zone of Himachal Pradesh","volume":"69","author":"Pathania","year":"2024","journal-title":"Econ Aff."},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1108\/JADEE-02-2015-0013","article-title":"Extensiveness of farmers' buying process of agri-inputs in India: implications for marketing","volume":"7","author":"Kumar","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Agribus Dev Emerg Econ."},{"key":"B74","unstructured":"annual report\n          State of Indian Agriculture 2012-13\n          \n          2014"},{"key":"B75","first-page":"21","article-title":"Land resource and agriculture, India People and Economy","volume-title":"India People and Economy.","year":"2015"},{"key":"B76","unstructured":"No. Volume II\n          Annual Report 2014-15, Volume II\n          \n          2014"},{"key":"B77","unstructured":"IYoM2023: Mainstreaming Millets for Better Nutrition Outcomes\n          \n          2022"},{"key":"B78","unstructured":"Upadhyaya\n              HD\n            \n            \n              Thomas Hash C\n              Jr\n            \n            \n              Senapathy\n              S\n            \n            \n              Varshney\n              RK\n            \n            \n              Hoisington\n              DA\n            \n            \n              Rai\n              KN\n            \n          \n          Development of composite collection and genotyping of pearl millet [Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.].\n          \n          2006"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.5958\/0976-1926.2017.00004.3","article-title":"Genetic resources of pearl millet: status and utilization","volume":"30","author":"Yadav","year":"2017","journal-title":"Indian J Plant Genet Resour."},{"key":"B80","unstructured":"Economic Survey, Government of India 2024-25\n          \n          2025"},{"key":"B81","unstructured":"India must increase investment in agricultural research to strengthen climate resilience\n          \n          \n            \n              Reddy\n              AA\n            \n            \n              Lingareddy\n              T\n            \n          \n          The Wire\n          \n          2024"},{"key":"B82","unstructured":"Annual Report\n          ICRISAT Annual Report 2019 In Focus: Special lift out on Modernizing Breeding\n          \n          2019"},{"key":"B83","unstructured":"Bhoi\n              BB\n            \n            \n              Kundu\n              S\n            \n            \n              Kishore\n              V\n            \n            \n              Suganthi\n              D\n            \n          \n          Supply Chain Dynamics and Food Inflation in India\n          \n          2019"},{"key":"B84","first-page":"1","article-title":"Doubling farmers' income: strategy and prospects","volume":"72","author":"Chand","year":"2017","journal-title":"Indian J Agric Econ."},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.9734\/ajaees\/2023\/v41i81991","article-title":"Millets in India: production, consumption and impact on food security","volume":"41","author":"Choudhary","year":"2023","journal-title":"Asian J Agric Ext Econ Sociol."},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.33545\/26174693.2025.v9.i1d.3473","article-title":"Millets: the wholesome supplement of contemporary times","volume":"9","author":"Chakraborty","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Adv Biochem Res."},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2276559","DOI":"10.1080\/23311932.2023.2276559","article-title":"Traditional grain storage methods: an exploration of their contribution to the sustainability of Indian agriculture","volume":"9","author":"Bisheko","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cogent Food Agric."},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.56042\/ijtk.v23i8.13123","article-title":"Traditional post-harvest operations of millets and drudgery of women","volume":"23","author":"Chapke","year":"2024","journal-title":"Indian J Tradit Knowl."},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1893","DOI":"10.18520\/cs\/v116\/i11\/1893-1896","article-title":"Engendering finger millet-based value chains for livelihood and nutritional security of women in agriculture","volume":"116","author":"Jeeva","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr Sci."},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdeveco.2013.10.001","article-title":"The demand for insurance against common shocks","volume":"106","author":"de Janvry","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Dev Econ."},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdeveco.2018.09.003","article-title":"Ex ante and ex post effects of hybrid index insurance in Bangladesh","volume":"136","author":"Hill","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Dev Econ."},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.worlddev.2014.11.014","article-title":"Reducing child undernutrition: past drivers and priorities for the post-MDG era","volume":"68","author":"Smith","year":"2015","journal-title":"World Dev."},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.2134\/agronj1954.00021962004600010006x","article-title":"Cytoplasmic male-sterility for hybrid sorghum seed production","volume":"46","author":"Stephens","year":"1954","journal-title":"Agron J."},{"key":"B94","author":"Tiwari","year":"2024","journal-title":"Food System for sustainability and profitability of millets (Strategy paper"},{"key":"B95","unstructured":"Promoting the Production of Millets\n          \n          2023"},{"key":"B96","unstructured":"Small millets in global agriculture\n          \n          \n            \n              Seetharam\n              A\n            \n            \n              Riley\n              KW\n            \n            \n              Harinarayana\n              G\n            \n          \n          Proceedings of the First International Small Millets Workshop\n          \n          1990"},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.2135\/cropsci1997.0011183X003700040097x","article-title":"Registration of INFM 95001 finger millet genetic male-sterile line","author":"Gupta","year":"1997","journal-title":"Crop Sci."},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"810","DOI":"10.1111\/pbr.13211","article-title":"Panorama of small millets breeding: a review","volume":"143","author":"Nagaraja","year":"2024","journal-title":"Plant Breed."},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2017.03.043","article-title":"Household social capital and socioeconomic inequalities in child undernutrition in rural India","volume":"181","author":"Story","year":"2017","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med."},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2015.11.014","article-title":"Risk factors for chronic undernutrition among children in India: estimating relative importance, population attributable risk and fractions","volume":"157","author":"Corsi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med."},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyg099","article-title":"The World Health Organization Global Database on Child Growth and Malnutrition: methodology and applications","volume":"32","author":"de Onis","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol."},{"key":"B102","first-page":"6","article-title":"The under-nutrition problem in Bundelkhand should receive equalattention of the policymakers, if not more","author":"Ghatak","year":"2021","journal-title":"ResearchGate."},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cegh.2018.11.001","article-title":"Path to severe acute malnutrition in children below 2 years of age: findings of qualitative research in Uttar Pradesh, North India","volume":"7","author":"Awasthi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Epidemiol Glob Health."},{"key":"B104","unstructured":"Washington, DC\n          IFPRI Synopses\n          Global nutrition report 2016: from promise to impact: ending malnutrition by 2030.\n          \n          2016"},{"key":"B105","unstructured":"Kumar\n              V\n            \n          \n          Report\n          Trends and Patterns in Agriculture Credit in India: A District Level Analysis of Uttar Pradesh\n          \n          2021"},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e26857","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0026857","article-title":"Multidimensional poverty and child survival in India","volume":"6","author":"Mohanty","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodpol.2016.05.001","article-title":"Political economy of child nutrition policy: a qualitative study of India's Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) scheme","volume":"62","author":"Balarajan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Food Policy."},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2011.06.024","article-title":"Trends in malnutrition among children in India: growing inequalities across different economic groups","volume":"73","author":"Pathak","year":"2011","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med."},{"key":"B109","unstructured":"Survey repory\\t\n          National Family Health Survey (NFHS-3) 2005-06\n          \n          2007"},{"key":"B110","unstructured":"Mumbai\n          National Family Health Survey (NFHS-4) 2015-16\n          \n          2017"},{"key":"B111","first-page":"210","article-title":"Poverty, child undernutrition and morbidity: new evidence from India","volume":"83","author":"Nandy","year":"2005","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ."},{"key":"B112","unstructured":"United Nations System Standing Committee on Nutrition (UNSCN).\n          \n          2014"},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1057\/s41271-016-0043-y","article-title":"The sustainable development goals cannot be achieved without improving maternal and child nutrition","volume":"38","author":"Baye","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Public Health Policy."},{"key":"B114","unstructured":"National Family Health Survey (NFHS-5) 2019-21\n          \n          2021"},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.3390\/agriculture9050106","article-title":"Breeding biofortified pearl millet varieties and hybrids to enhance millet markets for human nutrition","volume":"9","author":"Govindaraj","year":"2019","journal-title":"Agriculture."},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.5958\/0976-1926.2022.00048.1","article-title":"International Year of Millets 2023: opportunity for enhancing the use of Indian millets Germplasm","volume":"35","author":"Elangovan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Indian J Plant Genet Resour."},{"key":"B117","first-page":"88","article-title":"Millet production and its scope for revival in India with special reference to Tamil Nadu","volume":"7","author":"Gowri","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int J Farm Sci."},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"687428","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2021.687428","article-title":"A systematic review and meta-analysis of the potential of millets for managing and reducing the risk of developing diabetes mellitus","volume":"8","author":"Anitha","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Nutr."},{"key":"B119","unstructured":"Longvah\n              T\n            \n            \n              Ananthan\n              R\n            \n            \n              Bhaskarachary\n              K\n            \n            \n              Venkaiah\n              K\n            \n          \n          Telangana\n          National Institute of Nutrition, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, GOI\n          Indian Food Composition Tables\n          \n          2017"},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.46852\/0424-2513.3.2020.7","article-title":"Millet scenario in India","volume":"65","author":"Gowri","year":"2020","journal-title":"Econ Aff."},{"key":"B121","unstructured":"Home | Official website of Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Department of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare, Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare, Government of India\n          \n          \n          2025"},{"key":"B122","first-page":"15","article-title":"Status of millets in India: trends and prospects","volume-title":"Sensitizing the Millet Farming, Consumption and Nutritional Security Challenges and Opportunities","author":"Ramadas","year":"2023"},{"key":"B123","unstructured":"Home | Official website of Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Department of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare, Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare, Government of India\n          \n          2024"},{"key":"B124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2017.00039","article-title":"Acceptability of iron- and zinc-biofortified pearl millet (Dhanashakti)-based [corrected] complementary foods among children in an Urban Slum of Mumbai, India","volume":"4","author":"Huey","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Nutr."},{"key":"B125","first-page":"64","article-title":"Dhanashakti: a high-iron pearl millet variety","author":"Rai","year":"2015","journal-title":"Indian Farm."},{"key":"B126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"659938","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2021.659938","article-title":"Pearl millet: a climate-resilient nutricereal for mitigating hidden hunger and provide nutritional security","volume":"12","author":"Satyavathi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Plant Sci."},{"key":"B127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3004","DOI":"10.1051\/bioconf\/202517803004","article-title":"Comparative analysis of physico-chemical properties of Parbhani Shakti sorghum and evaluation of its nutritional profile under different pre-treatments","volume":"178","author":"Anushree","year":"2025","journal-title":"EDP Sci."},{"key":"B128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1007\/s10725-022-00900-2","article-title":"Biofortified foxtail millet: towards a more nourishing future","volume":"99","author":"Ingle","year":"2023","journal-title":"Plant Growth Regul."},{"key":"B129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2017.00029","article-title":"Biofortification in millets: a sustainable approach for nutritional security","volume":"8","author":"Vinoth","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Plant Sci."},{"key":"B130","first-page":"84","article-title":"Biofortified millets to alleviate micronutrient malnourishment","volume":"73","author":"Hariprasanna","year":"2023","journal-title":"Indian Farm."},{"key":"B131","unstructured":"UPAg - Unified Portal for Agricultural Statistics\n          \n          2024"},{"key":"B132","unstructured":"In Drought-Hit Uttar Pradesh, the Poor Are Eating Rotis Made of Grass\n          \n          2015"},{"key":"B133","unstructured":"NITI\n              Ayog\n            \n          \n          Annual Report 2022-23\n          \n          2023"},{"key":"B134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.31018\/jans.v7i2.711","article-title":"Development and evaluation of multi millet thresher","volume":"7","author":"Singh","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Appl Nat Sci"},{"key":"B135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14196","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms14196","article-title":"Climate change reduces extent of temperate drylands and intensifies drought in deep soils","volume":"8","author":"Schlaepfer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"B136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1007\/s00703-014-0361-1","article-title":"Comprehensive evaluation of the changing drought characteristics in Bundelkhand region of Central India","volume":"127","author":"Thomas","year":"2015","journal-title":"Meteorol. Atmos. Phys"},{"key":"B137","unstructured":"Minimum Support Prices (MSP) for Kharif Crops for Marketing Season 2024-25\n          \n          2024"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Nutrition"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnut.2026.1759815\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,26]],"date-time":"2026-05-26T04:50:33Z","timestamp":1779771033000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnut.2026.1759815\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,26]]},"references-count":137,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fnut.2026.1759815"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnut.2026.1759815","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-861X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-861X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,26]]},"article-number":"1759815"}}