{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:22:07Z","timestamp":1787026927718,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770681600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Nutr."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Glaucoma is a progressive optic neuropathy associated with increased neurodegenerative risk. Vitamin D Deficiency (VDD) is a widespread systemic factor linked to neurobiological dysfunction. This study investigated the longitudinal association between VDD and the 5-year incidence of neurodegenerative outcomes in this glaucoma population.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This retrospective cohort study used a large electronic health records (EHRs) network. Glaucoma patients were classified as VDD (&amp;lt; 30 ng\/mL) or vitamin D adequate (VDA) (\u226530 ng\/mL). A 1:1 propensity score matching (PSM) procedure matched 10,881 patients per cohort based on 47 covariates. The primary endpoints were the 5-year incidence of unspecified dementia, Alzheimer disease (AD), and Parkinson disease (PD), analyzed using Cox proportional hazards models.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      After PSM, VDD was associated with a higher 5-year risk of unspecified dementia (HR 1.241, 95% CI 1.066\u20131.446;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.005), with greater risk in severe deficiency (&amp;lt; 20 ng\/mL) (HR 1.493, 95% CI 1.179\u20131.890;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &amp;lt; 0.001). No association was found between VDD and AD or PD. Major predictors included advanced age (HR 6.84), hypertension (HR 2.70), hypoalbuminemia (HR 2.64), elevated CRP (HR 1.38), and diabetes (HR 1.29). Removing long-term NSAID users reduced the dementia risk to non-significant levels (HR 1.178, 95% CI: 0.998\u20131.391,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.053), suggesting NSAID anti-inflammatory effects may not counteract VDD-related dementia risk in glaucoma patients.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>VDD is significantly associated with an increased risk of developing dementia in patients with glaucoma. These time-dependent and dose-response findings raise the possibility that correcting vitamin D deficiency may influence neurodegenerative outcomes, additional prospective studies are required to establish causality and clarify clinical implications.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2026.1760959","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T05:22:20Z","timestamp":1770700940000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Increased risk of incident dementia associated with vitamin D deficiency in glaucoma patients: a TriNetX cohort study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Yu-Chen","family":"Cheng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University","place":["New Taipei City, Taiwan"]},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Fu Jen Catholic University Hospital, Fu Jen 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Ophthalmology, Taipei Buddhist Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation","place":["New Taipei City, Taiwan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kuo-Cheng","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University Hospital, Fu Jen Catholic University","place":["New Taipei City, Taiwan"]},{"name":"Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation","place":["New Taipei City, Taiwan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(24)00038-3","article-title":"Global, regional, and national burden of disorders affecting the nervous system, 1990-2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 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