{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T05:17:22Z","timestamp":1791263842683,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772755200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Nutr."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Vitamin D plays a pivotal role in immune regulation, metabolic balance, skeletal health, and gene expression. Growing evidence indicates that genetic and epigenetic factors contribute to interindividual differences in vitamin D status and physiological responses. This review summarizes current findings on the nutrigenomic determinants of vitamin D metabolism, with emphasis on genetic polymorphisms in vitamin D receptor (VDR), GC, CYP2R1, CYP27B1, and CYP24A1, as well as epigenetic mechanisms that modulate vitamin D related gene expression. Peer-reviewed original studies and review articles published between 2010 and 2025 were examined to highlight associations between genetic variation in the vitamin D pathway and susceptibility to cancer, autoimmune disorders, metabolic diseases, cardiovascular conditions, and neurodegenerative outcomes. Advances in omics technologies and epigenetic biomarker research have improved understanding the molecular pathways through which vitamin D acts across multiple body systems. Evidence from gene\u2013environment interactions and genotype-specific supplementation responses highlights the conceptual relevance of precision nutrition, while underscoring substantial gaps in clinical validation. Collectively, current research suggests that genetic information may inform future personalized vitamin D strategies, although translation into clinical practice remains limited by inconsistent evidence and methodological heterogeneity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2026.1772849","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T05:30:46Z","timestamp":1772775046000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Genetic and epigenetic determinants of vitamin D metabolism: nutrigenomic insights for precision nutrition"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Fatima","family":"Qahtan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, College of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah","place":["Sharjah, United Arab Emirates"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Salma","family":"Abu-Qiyas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, College of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah","place":["Sharjah, United Arab Emirates"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dimitrios","family":"Papandreou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, College of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah","place":["Sharjah, United Arab Emirates"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo15070436","article-title":"Nutri-epigenetic regulation of vitamin D-impact on metabolism and biological functions: narrative review","volume":"15","author":"Kowal\u00f3wka","year":"2025","journal-title":"Meta"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11030676","article-title":"Nutrigenomics of vitamin D","volume":"11","author":"Carlberg","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2673","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17162673","article-title":"Genetic variants influencing individual vitamin D status","volume":"17","author":"Karrow","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17020242","article-title":"Vitamin metabolism and its dependency on genetic variations among healthy adults: a systematic review for precision nutrition strategies","volume":"17","author":"B\u00f6sch","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2021.762978","article-title":"Genetic polymorphism of vitamin D family genes CYP2R1, CYP24A1, and CYP27B1 are associated with a high risk of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a case-control study","volume":"12","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Genet"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1691","DOI":"10.3390\/genes14091691","article-title":"Vitamin D: an overview of gene regulation, ranging from metabolism to genomic effects","volume":"14","author":"Voltan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Genes (Basel)"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.2174\/1389201019666180528082737","article-title":"Genetic variants of CYP2R1 are key regulators of serum vitamin D levels and incidence of myocardial infarction in middle-aged Egyptians","volume":"19","author":"Sedky","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr Pharm Biotechnol"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14020360","article-title":"Vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene polymorphisms modify the response to vitamin D supplementation: a systematic review and Meta-analysis","volume":"14","author":"Usategui-Mart\u00edn","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S677","DOI":"10.4103\/jcrt.jcrt_60_22","article-title":"Association of vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms with breast cancer risk","volume":"19","author":"Patel","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Cancer Res Ther"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2941","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2017-00682","article-title":"Response to antenatal cholecalciferol supplementation is associated with common vitamin D-related genetic variants","volume":"102","author":"Moon","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2173","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgae221","article-title":"Vitamin D status, vitamin D receptor polymorphisms, and risk of type 2 diabetes: a prospective cohort study","volume":"109","author":"Fu","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1186\/s12881-020-01065-3","article-title":"Genetic variants of VDR and CYP2R1 affect BMI independently of serum vitamin D concentrations","volume":"21","author":"Bakos","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Med Genet"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.3390\/genes14030542","article-title":"Role of the vitamin D receptor (VDR) in the pathogenesis of osteoporosis: a genetic, epigenetic and molecular pilot study","volume":"14","author":"Gasperini","year":"2023","journal-title":"Genes (Basel)"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7913","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25147913","article-title":"Vitamin D receptor regulates the expression of the Grainyhead-like 1 gene","volume":"25","author":"Taracha-Wisniewska","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0261097","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0261097","article-title":"Vitamin D related genetic polymorphisms affect serological response to high-dose vitamin D supplementation in multiple sclerosis","volume":"16","author":"Mimpen","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9626","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21249626","article-title":"Association of vitamin D metabolism gene Polymorphisms with autoimmunity: evidence in population genetic studies","volume":"21","author":"Ruiz-Ballesteros","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1189","DOI":"10.3803\/EnM.2021.1241","article-title":"Unveiling genetic variants underlying vitamin D deficiency in multiple Korean cohorts by a genome-wide association study","volume":"36","author":"Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.1007\/s00404-023-07326-9","article-title":"Hypermethylation and down-regulation of vitamin D receptor (VDR) as contributing factors for polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS): a case\u2013control study from Kashmir, North India","volume":"309","author":"Ashraf","year":"2024","journal-title":"Arch Gynecol Obstet"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2014.00164","article-title":"Vitamin D and the epigenome","volume":"5","author":"Fetahu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.2217\/epi.16.4","article-title":"Epigenome-wide search for Association of Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D concentration with leukocyte DNA methylation in a large cohort of older men","volume":"8","author":"Florath","year":"2016","journal-title":"Epigenomics"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1354","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14071354","article-title":"Vitamin D and its target genes","volume":"14","author":"Carlberg","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5328","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.29420","article-title":"Switches in histone modifications epigenetically control vitamin D3-dependent transcriptional upregulation of the CYP24A1 gene in osteoblastic cells","volume":"235","author":"Moena","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Cell Physiol"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2045","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkq875","article-title":"Epigenetic control of a VDR-governed feed-forward loop that regulates p21(waf1\/cip1) expression and function in non-malignant prostate cells","volume":"39","author":"Thorne","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2440","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9112440","article-title":"Calcitriol suppresses HIF-1 and HIF-2 transcriptional activity by reducing HIF-1\/2\u03b1 protein levels via a VDR-independent mechanism","volume":"9","author":"Gkotinakou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7948","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26167948","article-title":"Calcitriol induces Paraoxonase 1 expression in HepG2 cells: possible involvement of VDR-dependent and alternative pathways","volume":"26","author":"Navarro-Garc\u00eda","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1207","DOI":"10.1182\/bloodadvances.2018017533","article-title":"Activation of the vitamin D receptor transcription factor stimulates the growth of definitive erythroid progenitors","volume":"2","author":"Barminko","year":"2018","journal-title":"Blood Adv"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.4137\/GRSB.S562","article-title":"Calcitriol and TO-901317 interact in human prostate Cancer LNCaP cells","volume":"2","author":"Wang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Gene Regul Syst Bio"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1666","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16111666","article-title":"Physiology of vitamin D\u2014focusing on disease prevention","volume":"16","author":"Wimalawansa","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1323","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18061323","article-title":"Diverse regulation of vitamin D receptor gene expression by 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D and ATRA in murine and human blood cells at early stages of their differentiation","volume":"18","author":"Janik","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0187221","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0187221","article-title":"Vitamin D-metabolic enzymes and related molecules: expression at the maternal-conceptus interface and the role of vitamin D in endometrial gene expression in pigs","volume":"12","author":"Jang","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm15040128","article-title":"Genetic polymorphisms in cytochrome P450 enzymes involved in vitamin D metabolism and the vitamin D receptor: their clinical relevance","volume":"15","author":"Jarrar","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Pers Med"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1035","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458512471873","article-title":"Molecular network of chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by deep sequencing-based vitamin D receptor target genes","volume":"19","author":"Satoh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mult Scler J"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00057","DOI":"10.1097\/PN9.0000000000000057","article-title":"Precision nutrition: 8 stages and 5 dimensions","volume":"2","author":"Song","year":"2023","journal-title":"Precis Nutr"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3211","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers16183211","article-title":"Vitamin D in cancer prevention and treatment: a review of epidemiological, preclinical, and cellular studies","volume":"16","author":"Dallavalasa","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15842","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.4683","article-title":"p53 directly activates cystatin D\/CST5 to mediate mesenchymal-epithelial transition: a possible link to tumor suppression by vitamin D3","volume":"6","author":"H\u00fcnten","year":"2015","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1186\/s12929-016-0298-4","article-title":"Calcitriol stimulates gene expression of cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide in breast cancer cells with different phenotype","volume":"23","author":"Garc\u00eda-Quiroz","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Biomed Sci"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00014.2015","article-title":"Vitamin D: metabolism, molecular mechanism of action, and pleiotropic effects","volume":"96","author":"Christakos","year":"2016","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1687","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djae116","article-title":"Vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms, bioavailable 25-hydroxyvitamin D, and hepatocellular carcinoma survival","volume":"116","author":"Shu","year":"2024","journal-title":"JNCI J Natl Cancer Inst"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.34521","article-title":"Serum vitamin D concentration, vitamin D-related polymorphisms, and colorectal cancer risk","volume":"153","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102742","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canep.2025.102742","article-title":"Vitamin D-related genetic variants and prostate cancer risk in black men","volume":"95","author":"Layne","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1809944","article-title":"Vitamin D supplements and prevention of cancer and cardiovascular disease","volume":"380","author":"Manson","year":"2019","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e10582","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm4.10582","article-title":"Vitamin D and breast cancer: mechanistic update","volume":"5","author":"Welsh","year":"2021","journal-title":"JBMR Plus"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"i6583","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.i6583","article-title":"Vitamin D supplementation to prevent acute respiratory tract infections: systematic review and meta-analysis of individual participant data","volume":"356","author":"Martineau","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1201","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1901205","article-title":"Calcitriol regulates the differentiation of IL-9\u2013secreting Th9 cells by modulating the transcription factor PU.1","volume":"204","author":"Vyas","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1111\/cea.12894","article-title":"Vitamin D regulates immunoglobulin mucin domain molecule-4 expression in dendritic cells","volume":"47","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Exp Allergy"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2935","DOI":"10.31557\/APJCP.2020.21.10.2935","article-title":"Genetic polymorphisms of vitamin D receptor gene are associated with cervical Cancer risk in northeastern Thailand","volume":"21","author":"Phuthong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Asian Pac J Cancer Prev"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.00477","article-title":"Genomic effects of the vitamin D receptor: potentially the link between vitamin D, immune cells, and multiple sclerosis","volume":"9","author":"Lu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-02662-2","article-title":"Genome-wide association study in 79,366 European-ancestry individuals informs the genetic architecture of 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels","volume":"9","author":"Jiang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2018.00067","article-title":"Genome-wide association study of serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D in US women","volume":"9","author":"O\u2019Brien","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Genet"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7301","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2025.2466758","article-title":"Association between vitamin D level and risk of type 2 diabetes: a systematic review of Mendelian randomization studies","volume":"65","author":"Sun","year":"2025","journal-title":"Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1016","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15041016","article-title":"Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D levels and youth-onset type 2 diabetes: a two-sample Mendelian randomization study","volume":"15","author":"De La Barrera","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines13030723","article-title":"Causal effects of 25-Hydroxyvitamin D on metabolic syndrome and metabolic risk traits: a bidirectional two-sample Mendelian randomization study","volume":"13","author":"Lee","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biomedicine"},{"key":"ref53","first-page":"22","article-title":"Genetic influence of vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms on osteoporosis risk","volume":"14","author":"Banjabi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Health Sci (Qassim)"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70780","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.70780","article-title":"Genetics and vitamin D interactions in osteoporosis: a path to precision medicine","volume":"29","author":"Abdollahi","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Cell Mol Med"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)61647-5","article-title":"Effects of vitamin D supplements on bone mineral density: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"383","author":"Reid","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4806","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25094806","article-title":"Role of calcitriol and vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene polymorphisms in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"25","author":"Jeong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1080\/00207454.2020.1820502","article-title":"Genetic variants of vitamin D metabolism-related DHCR7\/NADSYN1 locus and CYP2R1 gene are associated with clinical features of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"132","author":"Alayl\u0131o\u011flu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Neurosci"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1080\/10641963.2020.1817473","article-title":"Calcitriol inhibits COX-1 and COX-2 expressions of renal vasculature in hypertension: reactive oxygen species involved?","volume":"43","author":"Suo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Exp Hypertens"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9066","DOI":"10.26355\/eurrev_201910_19309","article-title":"The association between vitamin D receptor gene polymorphism and susceptibility to hypertension: a meta-analysis","volume":"23","author":"Zhu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/s40885-022-00229-y","article-title":"Fok I and Bsm I gene polymorphism of vitamin D receptor and essential hypertension: a mechanistic link","volume":"29","author":"Awasthi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Hypertens"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12916","DOI":"10.1111\/eos.12916","article-title":"Association between genetic variants in key vitamin-D-pathway genes and external apical root resorption linked to orthodontic treatment","volume":"131","author":"Mara\u00f1\u00f3n-V\u00e1squez","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur J Oral Sci"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1080\/14647273.2018.1515503","article-title":"Polymorphisms and haplotypes in VDR gene are associated with female idiopathic infertility","volume":"23","author":"Djurovic","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hum Fertil"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1176","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16081176","article-title":"The power of vitamin D: is the future in precision nutrition through personalized supplementation plans?","volume":"16","author":"Mavar","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e61256","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.61256","article-title":"The importance of nutrigenetics and microbiota in personalized medicine: from phenotype to genotype","volume":"16","author":"Meral","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101042831773128","DOI":"10.1177\/1010428317731280","article-title":"Association between vitamin D receptor (Cdx2, Fok1, Bsm1, Apa1, Bgl1, Taq1, and poly (A)) gene polymorphism and breast cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"39","author":"Iqbal","year":"2017","journal-title":"Tumour Biol"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13068","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.23964","article-title":"Associations between VDR gene polymorphisms and colorectal cancer susceptibility: an updated meta-analysis based on 39 case-control studies","volume":"9","author":"Pan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1647","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-15421-7","article-title":"Genome-wide association study identifies 143 loci associated with 25 hydroxyvitamin D concentration","volume":"11","author":"Revez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2020.01.017","article-title":"Genome-wide association study for vitamin D levels reveals 69 independent loci","volume":"106","author":"Manousaki","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/7523997","article-title":"Polymorphisms CYP2R1 rs10766197 and CYP27B1 rs10877012 in multiple sclerosis: a case-control study","volume":"2021","author":"Martinez-Hernandez","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Immunol Res"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"bvab119","DOI":"10.1210\/jendso\/bvab119","article-title":"24-hydroxylase deficiency due to CYP24A1 sequence variants: comparison with other vitamin D\u2212mediated hypercalcemia disorders","volume":"5","author":"Azer","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Endocr Soc"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1002\/iid3.275","article-title":"The expression and methylation status of vitamin D receptor gene in Behcet\u2019s disease","volume":"7","author":"Shirvani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Immun Inflamm Dis"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cancergen.2021.01.002","article-title":"Promoter hypermethylation regulates vitamin D receptor (VDR) expression in colorectal cancer-a study from Kashmir valley","author":"Afshan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancer Genet"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5953","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-10-0617","article-title":"Epigenetic regulation of vitamin D 24-hydroxylase\/CYP24A1 in human prostate Cancer","volume":"70","author":"Luo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2013.10.004","article-title":"DNA methylation levels of CYP2R1 and CYP24A1 predict vitamin D response variation","volume":"144","author":"Zhou","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.15388\/Amed.2021.29.1.7","article-title":"Analysis of epigenetic changes in vitamin D pathway genes in rheumatoid arthritis patients","volume":"29","author":"Puncevi\u010dien\u0117","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Med Litu"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1007\/s40200-020-00704-z","article-title":"Vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms and susceptibility to type 2 diabetes: evidence from a meta-regression and meta-analysis based on 47 studies","volume":"20","author":"Aravindhan","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Diabetes Metab Disord"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1186\/s43042-020-00057-5","article-title":"Vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene FokI, BsmI, ApaI, and TaqI polymorphisms and osteoporosis risk: a meta-analysis","volume":"21","author":"Yadav","year":"2020","journal-title":"Egypt J Med Hum Genet"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/2846943","article-title":"Meta-analysis of the association between vitamin D receptor polymorphisms and the risk of autoimmune thyroid disease","volume":"2018","author":"Gao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Endocrinol"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1089\/gtmb.2021.0167","article-title":"Impact of vitamin D receptor gene polymorphism on systemic lupus erythematosus susceptibility: a pooled analysis","volume":"26","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Genet Test Mol Biomarkers"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1111\/ijpo.12293","article-title":"Vitamin D status and associated genetic polymorphisms in a cohort of UK children with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"13","author":"Gibson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pediatr Obes"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1211","DOI":"10.1093\/advances\/nmaa076","article-title":"Meta-analysis of the association between the rs228570 vitamin D receptor gene polymorphism and arterial hypertension risk","volume":"11","author":"Nunes","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv Nutr"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Nutrition"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnut.2026.1772849\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T05:30:47Z","timestamp":1772775047000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnut.2026.1772849\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]]},"references-count":81,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fnut.2026.1772849"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnut.2026.1772849","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-861X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-861X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]]},"article-number":"1772849"}}