{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T18:15:51Z","timestamp":1792001751889,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":138,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]],"date-time":"2026-03-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773964800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Nutr."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Thyme (\n                    <jats:italic>Thymus vulgaris<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) has long been valued as both a culinary herb and a medicinal plant. Among its constituents, thymol\u2014a key monoterpenic phenolic compound\u2014exhibits a wide range of biological activities, including antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and insecticidal properties, which endow it with significant application potential in food-related fields. This review systematically examines the physicochemical properties, biosynthetic pathways, extraction methods, and mechanisms of action of thymol, with a particular emphasis on its prospective applications within the food sector. Traditional extraction techniques such as steam distillation remain in use, whereas emerging methods\u2014including ultrasound-assisted extraction and supercritical fluid extraction\u2014have markedly improved the efficiency, yield, and purity of thymol extraction. From the perspective of synthesis, thymol can be produced chemically via alkylation of\n                    <jats:italic>m<\/jats:italic>\n                    -cresol, or it can be generated biologically through the methylerythritol phosphate (MEP) pathway. Thymol exerts its antimicrobial and preservative effects primarily by disrupting microbial cell membranes and inducing oxidative stress, thereby providing the theoretical foundation for its use as a natural food preservative, packaging additive, and functional ingredient. This article further explores the value of thymol in ensuring food quality, enhancing safety control, and extending shelf life. Finally, future research directions are proposed, including optimization of biosynthetic pathways, development of formulations to enhance stability, and exploration of new potential applications at the intersection of antiviral activity, immune modulation, and food-related health.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2026.1774718","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]],"date-time":"2026-03-20T06:37:51Z","timestamp":1773988671000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Thymol: properties, synthesis, mechanism of action, and applications"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Shizhuo","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University","place":["Chongqing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junyuan","family":"Lei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University","place":["Chongqing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongyang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University","place":["Chongqing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tongyu","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University","place":["Chongqing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chunyan","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University","place":["Chongqing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dieyu","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chongqing No. 1 Secondary School","place":["Chongqing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiannan","family":"Liao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chongqing No. 1 Secondary School","place":["Chongqing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuanrui","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chongqing No. 1 Secondary School","place":["Chongqing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jian","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chongqing No. 1 Secondary School","place":["Chongqing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maxime","family":"Bonnave","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Agriculture and Agro-industry of Hainaut Province","place":["Ath, Belgium"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francois","family":"Serneels","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Agriculture and Agro-industry of Hainaut Province","place":["Ath, Belgium"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiumei","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University","place":["Chongqing, China"]},{"name":"Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences","place":["Chengdu, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gengxin","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Space Exploration, Ministry of Education","place":["Chongqing, China"]},{"name":"College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University","place":["Chongqing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pan","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University","place":["Chongqing, China"]},{"name":"Center of Space Exploration, Ministry of Education","place":["Chongqing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","volume-title":"A Modern Herbal, Thyme, Garden","author":"Grieve","year":"1995"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/s0378-8741(03)00275-7","article-title":"Chemical composition and antifungal activity of essential oils of seven Moroccan Labiatae against Botrytis cinereaPers.: Fr","volume":"89","author":"Bouchra","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Ethnopharmacol"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2008.05.060","article-title":"Liposomal 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