{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T23:19:20Z","timestamp":1788477560166,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774396800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Nutr."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Atractylodes macrocephala<\/jats:italic>\n                    Rhizoma. (AMR, called\n                    <jats:italic>Baizhu<\/jats:italic>\n                    in Chinese) is used in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) for treating gastrointestinal disorders, such as diarrhea and gastritis. With increasing demand, its cultivation areas have expanded significantly. However, the quality of AMR varies considerably by geographical origin and commercial grades, and current research remains insufficient regarding chemical profile differences between grades and rapid classification methods. In this study, we employed Headspace Gas Chromatography\u2013Mass Spectrometry (HS-GC\u2013MS) and Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LC\u2013MS) to analyze volatile and non-volatile components in different grades of AMR. Multivariate statistical methods were applied to elucidate the compositional variation patterns across grades, identify components highly correlated with grading standards. Additionally, the feasibility of applying electronic nose (E-nose) and electronic tongue (E-tongue) technologies for rapid grade classification of AMR was explored. Furthermore, a multi-technology fusion strategy integrating data from HS-GC\u2013MS, LC\u2013MS, E-nose, and E-tongue was implemented to establish a comprehensive grading model the study revealed that there were four volatile differential compounds and six non-volatile differential compounds common to all grades of AMR. Spearman correlation analysis identified terpenoids as the primary volatile compounds contributing to grade-specific aromas, with esters and phenolic acids being key taste compounds. Comparative analysis showed that the multi-technology fusion model, particularly using the Random Forest algorithm, achieved superior classification accuracy (up to 98.33%) compared to models based on any single technology. This study establishes a robust multi-dimensional approach that enhances the quality evaluation research on AMR grading and provides a novel and more reliable strategy for rapid classification of different AMR grades.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2026.1776576","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T06:53:48Z","timestamp":1774421628000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Multi-dimensional information characterization of different grades of Atractylodis macrocephalae Rhizoma based on HS-GC\u2013MS, LC\u2013MS, electronic nose, and electronic tongue"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Ruiqi","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Beijing, China"]},{"name":"School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Taiyuan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yushi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiayu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ziyue","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yunqi","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuanyu","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keyao","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xingyu","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yonghong","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine","place":["Beijing, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","volume-title":"Pharmacopoeia of the People\u2019s Republic of China","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7340","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28217340","article-title":"Atractylone in the Atractylodes macrocephala Rhizoma essential oil and its anti-inflammatory activity","volume":"28","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1505","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2019.01505","article-title":"The anticancer effects of Atractylenolide III associate with the downregulation of Jak3\/Stat3-dependent IDO expression","volume":"10","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2956","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24162956","article-title":"Antitumor, antiviral, and anti-inflammatory efficacy of essential oils from Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz. Produced with different processing methods","volume":"24","author":"Gu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/2338533","article-title":"Polysaccharides from Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae: a review on their extraction, purification, structure, and bioactivities","volume":"2022","author":"Luo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Evid Based Complement Alternat Med"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115506","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2022.115506","article-title":"Isolation, structure and bioactivity of polysaccharides from Atractylodes macrocephala: a review","volume":"296","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Ethnopharmacol"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2434","DOI":"10.13313\/j.issn.1673-4890.20230202004","article-title":"Changes of producing regions of Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz. In China","volume":"25","author":"Zhao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mod Chin Med"},{"key":"ref8","volume-title":"Study on Quality Evaluation of Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz. [Master Degree]","author":"Wang","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107937","DOI":"10.1016\/j.microc.2022.107937","article-title":"Geographical origin traceability of medicine food homology species based on an extract-and-shoot inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry method and chemometrics","volume":"183","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microchem J"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134920","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2023.134920","article-title":"Dual-channel colorimetric sensor based on metal ion mediated color transformation of AuNPs to identify the authenticity and origin of Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma","volume":"400","author":"Wu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sens Actuators B Chem"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2045","DOI":"10.3390\/s19092045","article-title":"A hyperspectral imaging approach for classifying geographical origins of Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae using the fusion of Spectrum-image in VNIR and SWIR ranges (VNIR-SWIR-FuSI)","volume":"19","author":"Ru","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref12","first-page":"23","article-title":"Study on the grading of Atractylodes macrocephala decoction pieces based on pharmacodynamic test of diarrhea model","volume":"38","author":"Du","year":"2020","journal-title":"Guizhou Sci"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1186\/s13020-020-00357-3","article-title":"Quality standard of traditional Chinese medicines: comparison between European pharmacopoeia and Chinese pharmacopoeia and recent advances","volume":"15","author":"Leong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chin Med"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2019.153165","article-title":"Analytical strategies for the discovery and validation of quality-markers of traditional Chinese medicine","volume":"67","author":"Ren","year":"2020","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1611","DOI":"10.3390\/foods11111611","article-title":"Comparison of different drying methods on the volatile components of ginger (Zingiber officinale roscoe) by HS-GC-MS coupled with fast GC E-nose","volume":"11","author":"Yu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Foods"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e5546","DOI":"10.1002\/bmc.5546","article-title":"Research progress on metabolomics in the quality evaluation and clinical study of Panax ginseng","volume":"37","author":"Xia","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomed Chromatogr"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1536189","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2025.1536189","article-title":"Identification of Codonopsis Radix from different origins based on odor information","volume":"12","author":"Guo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Nutr"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3892","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27123892","article-title":"Application of multiple-source data fusion for the discrimination of two botanical origins of Magnolia officinalis cortex based on E-nose measurements, E-tongue measurements, and chemical analysis","volume":"27","author":"Jing","year":"2022","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref19","first-page":"77","volume-title":"Study on Standards of Commodity Classes of Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma","author":"Wang","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3527","DOI":"10.3390\/foods13213527","article-title":"Construction of sensory evaluation system of purple sweet potato Rice steamed sponge cake based on fuzzy mathematics","volume":"13","author":"Cai","year":"2024","journal-title":"Foods"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1190","DOI":"10.13863\/j.issn1001-4454.2024.05.020","article-title":"Study on variation of volatile components in small Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma and improved Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma based on HS-GC-MS","volume":"47","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Chin Med Materials"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.13422\/j.cnki.syfjx.20220847","article-title":"Analysis of effect of characteristic processing with rice-washed water on volatile components in raw and bran-fried products of Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma by HS-GC-MS","volume":"29","author":"Wu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chin J Exp Tradit Med Formulae"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1344","DOI":"10.7501\/j.issn.0253-2670.2024.04.027","article-title":"Analysis of chemical constituents and their regional differences of Atractylodes macrocephala based on UPLC-MSE","volume":"55","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chin Tradit Herb Drug"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.13748\/j.cnki.issn1007-7693.2023.04.006","article-title":"Study on Geoherbalism of Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma based on UPLC-Q-TOF-MS and multivariate statistical analysis","volume":"40","author":"Yu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chin J Mod Appl Pharm"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105685","DOI":"10.1016\/j.microc.2020.105685","article-title":"<article-title update=\"added\">non-target metabolomics based on high-resolution mass spectrometry combined with chemometric analysis for discriminating geographical origins of Rhizoma Coptidis","volume":"160","author":"Cao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microchem J"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111879","DOI":"10.1016\/j.microc.2024.111879","article-title":"Identification of Cervi cornu pantotrichum and its mixed varieties by UHPLC-QTOF-MS and UHPLC-TQS-MS\/MS","volume":"207","author":"Xiao-han","year":"2024","journal-title":"Microchem J"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110895","DOI":"10.1016\/j.microc.2024.110895","article-title":"A strategy integrating GC\u2013MS, UPLC profiling, and DNA metabarcoding for characterization and discrimination of the medicinal and culinary pieces from four Curcuma species","volume":"203","author":"Xue","year":"2024","journal-title":"Microchem J"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114899","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2022.114899","article-title":"Quality evaluation of Atractylodis macrocephalae rhizoma through fingerprint qualitative analysis and quantitative analysis of multi-components by single marker","volume":"219","author":"Zhan","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Pharm Biomed Anal"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1902","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.1001-1528.2022.06.031","article-title":"Research progress on assay methods, drying property, and pharmacological effects of Atractylone","volume":"44","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chin Tradit Patent Med"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2216","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28052216","article-title":"Geographic differentiation of essential oil from rhizome of cultivated Atractylodes lancea by using GC-MS and chemical pattern recognition analysis","volume":"28","author":"Song","year":"2023","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2093","DOI":"10.6039\/j.issn.1001-0408.2022.17.09","article-title":"Study on dynamic changes of volatile components during the bleaching process of Atractylodis macrocephala with the water of washing rice","volume":"33","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"China Pharm"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1025591","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.1025591","article-title":"No ambiguity: chemosensory-based ayurvedic classification of medicinal plants can be fingerprinted using E-tongue coupled with multivariate statistical analysis","volume":"13","author":"Jayasundar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3176","DOI":"10.1007\/s11694-024-02394-0","article-title":"Effect of spreading time on the taste quality of steamed green tea based on E-tongue evaluation and chemometric statistical analysis","volume":"18","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Food Measure"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.13386\/j.issn1002-0306.2025080084","article-title":"Characterization and source identification of characteristic flavor compounds in Chinese herbal chicken soup using intelligent sensory technology combined with OPLS-DA","author":"Zhu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci Technol Food Ind"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4623","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25204623","article-title":"In silico molecular study of tryptophan bitterness","volume":"25","author":"Di Pizio","year":"2020","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"900","DOI":"10.1016\/s1875-5364(24)60687-4","article-title":"Advances in intelligent mass spectrometry data processing technology for in vivo analysis of natural medicines","volume":"22","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chin J Nat Med"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1188219","DOI":"10.3389\/fchem.2023.1188219","article-title":"Development of a variety and quality evaluation method for Amomi fructus using GC, electronic tongue, and electronic nose","volume":"11","author":"Hou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Chem"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.saa.2019.117169","article-title":"Quality evaluation of decoction pieces of Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae by near infrared spectroscopy coupled with chemometrics","volume":"221","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4796","DOI":"10.7501\/j.issn.0253-2670.2019.19.031","article-title":"Research progress in Atractylodes macrocephala and predictive analysis on Q-marker","volume":"50","author":"Yao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chin Tradit Herbal Drug"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Nutrition"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnut.2026.1776576\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T06:54:01Z","timestamp":1774421641000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnut.2026.1776576\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]]},"references-count":39,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fnut.2026.1776576"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnut.2026.1776576","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-861X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-861X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]]},"article-number":"1776576"}}