{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T05:03:30Z","timestamp":1777007010981,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776988800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Nutr."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To investigate the association between nutrition status indicators and vitamin D deficiency in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Patients and methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This cross-sectional study enrolled 285 hospitalized T2DM patients from Hebei General Hospital. Vitamin D deficiency was defined as serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD)\u202f&amp;lt;\u202f20\u202fng\/mL. Nutritional indicators, including total protein, albumin, prealbumin, body mass index (BMI), uric acid (UA), hemoglobin (Hb), and other information, were collected from medical records. Logistic regression, subgroup, and sensitivity analyses were used to explore the relationship between nutrition indicators and vitamin D deficiency.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The prevalence of vitamin D deficiency was 62% (178\/285). Compared with the no vitamin D deficiency group, the vitamin D deficiency group had significantly lower total protein (67.4\u202f\u00b1\u202f5.9 vs. 69.4\u202f\u00b1\u202f6.1\u202fg\/L,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f0.007), while the other indicators showed no difference between the two groups. After adjusting all confounding variables, a negative association existed between total protein and vitamin D deficiency (OR\u202f=\u202f0.933, 95% CI: 0.891\u20130.975,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f0.002). Subgroup analysis indicated that in patients aged &amp;lt;60\u202fyears (OR\u202f=\u202f0.928, 95% CI: 0.873\u20130.987,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f0.018), male patients (OR\u202f=\u202f0.912, 95% CI: 0.863\u20130.965,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f0.001), and those with diabetes for less than 10\u202fyears (OR\u202f=\u202f0.935, 95% CI: 0.890\u20130.982,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f0.007), elevated total protein was significantly associated with lower odds of vitamin D deficiency. For prealbumin, a similar association was observed in patients aged &amp;lt;60\u202fyears. Sensitivity analysis showed total protein (treated as tertiles) was negatively correlated with vitamin D deficiency (OR\u202f=\u202f0.453, 95% CI: 0.281\u20130.721,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f0.001). A second sensitivity analysis, using &amp;lt;12\u202fng\/mL as the cutoff to define severe vitamin D deficiency, showed a consistent result (OR\u202f=\u202f0.939, 95% CI: 0.887\u20130.991,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f0.026).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The nutrition indicator (total protein) was negatively related to vitamin D deficiency.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2026.1777757","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T04:33:15Z","timestamp":1777005195000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The relationship between nutrition status indicators and vitamin D deficiency in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Hang","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, Hebei General Hospital","place":["Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yunjia","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, Hebei General Hospital","place":["Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhimei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, Hebei General Hospital","place":["Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Huanxin","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Examination Center, Hebei General Hospital","place":["Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luping","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, Hebei General Hospital","place":["Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shuchun","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, Hebei General Hospital","place":["Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","volume-title":"IDF Diabetes Atlas","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101472","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabet.2023.101472","article-title":"Serum albumin and risk of incident diabetes and diabetic microvascular complications in the UK biobank cohort","volume":"49","author":"Cai","year":"2023","journal-title":"Diabetes 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