{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T06:43:30Z","timestamp":1776062610217,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776038400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Nutr."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Vitamin D inadequacy is globally prevalent among pregnant women, but its impact on offspring cardiometabolic risks remains inconclusive. This study aimed to evaluate associations between in utero vitamin D status and childhood cardiometabolic risk factors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In the original Hyperglycaemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcome (HAPO) Study, all pregnant women booked for antenatal care, except teenage pregnancy, plan to delivery at another hospital, uncertain last menstrual period and no ultrasonographic estimated gestational age, inability to complete the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), multiple pregnancy, conception by assisted reproduction, glucose testing before recruitment, or diagnosis of diabetes during or before the current pregnancy and required medication. Archived maternal serum samples from 24 to 32 gestational weeks and umbilical cord serum samples at birth in the original HAPO Study at the Hong Kong Centre were assayed for total 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] levels by using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectroscopy. Children\u2019s clinical and biochemistry parameters were collected at the HAPO Follow-Up Study at around age 7, including anthropometry, blood pressure (BP), carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (cfPWV), fasting lipid profile, plasma glucose (PG), and insulin levels at OGTT. Linear regression analyses were used to evaluate the associations of in-utero 25(OH)D levels with children\u2019s cardiometabolic risk factors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Findings<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      There was no association between maternal serum total 25(OH)D level in 24\u201332\u202fweeks of gestation and childhood cardiometabolic risk factors. In contrast, umbilical cord serum total 25(OH)D level at birth was negatively associated with offspring diastolic BP, cfPWV, and fasting PG at around age 7, whereas no significant results were observed in other cardiometabolic risk factors. Every 1-SD (18.0\u202fnmol\/L) increase in the umbilical cord serum total 25(OH)D level was independently associated with a reduction in diastolic BP, cfPWV, and fasting PG by 0.73\u202fmmHg (95% CI [\u22121.44, \u22120.02],\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f0.044), 0.08\u202fm\/s ([\u22120.14, \u22120.03],\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f0.004), and 0.04\u202fmmol\/L ([\u22120.07, \u22120.01],\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u202f=\u202f0.017), respectively. However, only associations with cfPWV and fasting PG remained significant after correction for multiple testing.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Interpretation<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A low umbilical cord serum 25(OH)D level at birth, but not maternal serum 25(OH)D in 24\u201332\u202fweeks of gestation, was associated with higher childhood diastolic BP, arterial stiffness, and fasting PG levels. Although maternal total 25(OH)D levels between 24 and 32 gestational weeks were not associated with childhood cardiometabolic risks, our findings indicated that neonatal vitamin D status at birth may be relevant to childhood vascular and glucose metabolic health. Given the observational study design and modest effect size, these findings should be interpreted cautiously and warrant further investigations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2026.1777909","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T05:44:59Z","timestamp":1776059099000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Associations of umbilical cord vitamin D levels with childhood cardiometabolic risks: a longitudinal mother\u2013child study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Di","family":"Mao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong","place":["Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hanbin","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong","place":["Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lai-Yuk","family":"Yuen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong","place":["Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chung-Shun","family":"Ho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong","place":["Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Claudia Ha-Ting","family":"Tam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong","place":["Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael Ho-Ming","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong","place":["Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"suffix":"Jr.","given":"William L.","family":"Lowe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine","place":["Chicago, IL, United States"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ronald Ching-Wan","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong","place":["Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China"]},{"name":"Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong","place":["Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China"]},{"name":"Hong Kong Institute of Diabetes and Obesity, The Chinese University of Hong Kong","place":["Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chi-Chiu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong","place":["Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China"]},{"name":"Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong","place":["Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China"]},{"name":"School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong","place":["Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wing-Hung","family":"Tam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong","place":["Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"720","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2013.05.011","article-title":"Vitamin D for health: a global perspective","volume":"88","author":"Hossein-nezhad","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc Mayo Clin"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3602","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2021.1990850","article-title":"High prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in Asia: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"63","author":"Jiang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101017","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.101017","article-title":"Vitamin D status in mainland of China: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"38","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2023.1070808","article-title":"Global and regional prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in population-based studies from 2000 to 2022: a pooled analysis of 7.9 million participants","volume":"10","author":"Cui","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Nutr"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCOUTCOMES.112.967604","article-title":"Circulating 25-hydroxy-vitamin D and risk of cardiovascular disease: a meta-analysis of prospective studies","volume":"5","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2022.101654","article-title":"Association between vitamin D deficiency and the risk of prevalent type 2 diabetes and incident prediabetes: a prospective cohort study using data from the Irish longitudinal study on ageing (TILDA)","volume":"53","author":"McCarthy","year":"2022","journal-title":"E Clin Med"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-013-9790-2","article-title":"Vitamin D and risk of future hypertension: meta-analysis of 283,537 participants","volume":"28","author":"Kunutsor","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur J Epidemiol"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1111\/mcn.12210","article-title":"Global summary of maternal and newborn vitamin D status - a systematic review","volume":"12","author":"Saraf","year":"2016","journal-title":"Matern Child Nutr"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"nuaf168","DOI":"10.1093\/nutrit\/nuaf168","article-title":"Prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in pregnant women: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"84","author":"Crist\u00f3falo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nutr Rev"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3473","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-021-02528-w","article-title":"Associations between maternal vitamin D status during three trimesters and cord blood 25(OH)D concentrations in newborns: a prospective Shanghai birth cohort study","volume":"60","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur J Nutr"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.6133\/apjcn.201909_28(3).0013","article-title":"Cord serum vitamin D in a South China birth cohort","volume":"28","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Asia Pac J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.112.035683","article-title":"Maternal vitamin D predominates over genetic factors in determining neonatal circulating vitamin D concentrations123","volume":"96","author":"Novakovic","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"bvad142","DOI":"10.1210\/jendso\/bvad142","article-title":"The association of prenatal vitamin D status with pregnancy and neonatal outcomes","volume":"8","author":"Mao","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Endocr Soc"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.110.003921","article-title":"Maternal vitamin D status during pregnancy and body composition and cardiovascular risk markers in Indian children: the Mysore Parthenon study","volume":"93","author":"Krishnaveni","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1849","DOI":"10.1136\/heartjnl-2013-303678","article-title":"Associations of maternal 25-hydroxyvitamin D in pregnancy with offspring cardiovascular risk factors in childhood and adolescence: findings from the Avon longitudinal study of parents and children","volume":"99","author":"Williams","year":"2013","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e011485","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.118.011485","article-title":"Cord blood vitamin D levels and early childhood blood pressure: the healthy start study","volume":"8","author":"Sauder","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12672","DOI":"10.1111\/mcn.12672","article-title":"Associations of maternal and fetal vitamin D status with childhood body composition and cardiovascular risk factors","volume":"15","author":"Miliku","year":"2019","journal-title":"Matern Child Nutr"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqac118","article-title":"Early pregnancy vitamin D status is associated with blood pressure in children: an Odense child cohort study","volume":"116","author":"Pedersen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e035273","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.124.035273","article-title":"Role of maternal vitamin D3 levels in shaping adolescent vascular health: evidence from a Spanish population-based birth cohort","volume":"14","author":"Sang\u00fcesa","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2025.02.012","article-title":"Maternal vitamin D status during pregnancy in relation to childhood cardiometabolic risk factors: the GraviD-child prospective cohort study","volume":"66","author":"Amberntsson","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin Nutr ESPEN"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"948","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.119.14168","article-title":"Elevated blood pressure in childhood or adolescence and cardiovascular outcomes in adulthood: a systematic review","volume":"75","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.109.192639","article-title":"Noninvasive assessment of subclinical atherosclerosis in children and adolescents: recommendations for standard assessment for clinical research: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association","volume":"54","author":"Urbina","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1001\/archpediatrics.2009.268","article-title":"Fasting plasma glucose levels within the normoglycemic range in childhood as a predictor of prediabetes and type 2 diabetes in adulthood: the Bogalusa heart study","volume":"164","author":"Nguyen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1991","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0707943","article-title":"Hyperglycemia and adverse pregnancy outcomes","volume":"358","author":"Metzger","year":"2008","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.2337\/dc16-2397","article-title":"In utero exposure to maternal hyperglycemia increases childhood Cardiometabolic risk in offspring","volume":"40","author":"Tam","year":"2017","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/39.1.129","article-title":"Adiposity rebound in children: a simple indicator for predicting obesity","volume":"39","author":"Rolland-Cachera","year":"1984","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"bvab170","DOI":"10.1210\/jendso\/bvab170","article-title":"Maternal and neonatal 3-epi-25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration and factors influencing their concentrations","volume":"24","author":"Mao","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Endocr Soc."},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.114.S2.555","article-title":"The fourth report on the diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment of high blood pressure in children and adolescents","volume":"114","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2011.10.017","article-title":"The association between in utero hyperinsulinemia and adolescent arterial stiffness","volume":"95","author":"Tam","year":"2012","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2588","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehl254","article-title":"Expert consensus document on arterial stiffness: methodological issues and clinical applications","volume":"27","author":"Laurent","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S19","DOI":"10.2337\/dc23-S002","article-title":"2. Classification and diagnosis of diabetes: standards of care in diabetes\u20142023","volume":"46","author":"ElSayed","year":"2023","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1159\/000437099","article-title":"Determinants of postpartum vitamin D status in the Caucasian mother-offspring pairs at a latitude of 52\u00b0N: a cross-sectional study","volume":"67","author":"Czech-Kowalska","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann Nutr Metab"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1208","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqab112","article-title":"Maternal obesity and baseline vitamin D insufficiency alter the response to vitamin D supplementation: a double-blind, randomized trial in pregnant women","volume":"114","author":"Alhomaid","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2020.543719","article-title":"Factors influencing vitamin D levels in neonatal umbilical cord blood: a two-center study from Tibet and Shenyang","volume":"8","author":"Yu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Pediatr"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.5694\/mja11.11592","article-title":"Vitamin D and health in pregnancy, infants, children and adolescents in Australia and New Zealand: a position statement","volume":"198","author":"Paxton","year":"2013","journal-title":"Med J Aust"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0239603","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0239603","article-title":"The prevalence and determinants of vitamin D deficiency in indonesian infants at birth and six months of age","volume":"15","author":"Oktaria","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1911","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2011-0385","article-title":"Evaluation, treatment, and prevention of vitamin D deficiency: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline","volume":"96","author":"Holick","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI15219","article-title":"1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 is a negative endocrine regulator of the renin-angiotensin system","volume":"110","author":"Li","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"H1751","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.1997.272.4.H1751","article-title":"1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 regulation of cardiac myocyte proliferation and hypertrophy","volume":"272","author":"O\u2019Connell","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1666","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000160353.27927.70","article-title":"25-Hydroxyvitamin D3-1\u03b1-hydroxylase is expressed in human vascular smooth muscle cells and is upregulated by parathyroid hormone and estrogenic compounds","volume":"111","author":"Somjen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1002\/cphy.c140071","article-title":"PTH and vitamin D","volume":"6","author":"Khundmiri","year":"2016","journal-title":"Compr Physiol"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"H1459","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00141.2016","article-title":"Parental vitamin D deficiency during pregnancy is associated with increased blood pressure in offspring via Panx1 hypermethylation","volume":"311","author":"Meems","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellbi.2006.01.004","article-title":"1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 inhibits tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1-induced adhesion molecule expression in endothelial cells","volume":"30","author":"Martinesi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cell Biol Int"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"F1059","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00051.2008","article-title":"Calcitriol blunts the deleterious impact of advanced glycation end products on endothelial cells","volume":"294","author":"Talmor","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Physiol-Renal Physiol"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"H289","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00116.2008","article-title":"Vitamin D derivatives acutely reduce endothelium-dependent contractions in the aorta of the spontaneously hypertensive rat","volume":"295","author":"Wong","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Physiol-Heart Circ Physiol"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1236","DOI":"10.1530\/EC-18-0308","article-title":"Blood pressure in 3-year-old girls associates inversely with umbilical cord serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D: an Odense child cohort study","volume":"7","author":"Larsen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Endocr Connect"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ejcn.1602680","article-title":"Maternal vitamin D status during pregnancy and child outcomes","volume":"62","author":"Gale","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0133313","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0133313","article-title":"The association between maternal 25-Hydroxyvitamin D concentration during gestation and early childhood cardio-metabolic outcomes: is there interaction with pre-pregnancy BMI?","volume":"10","author":"Hrudey","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.119.13120","article-title":"Vitamin D trajectories from birth to early childhood and elevated systolic blood pressure during childhood and adolescence","volume":"74","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1677\/joe.0.1600087","article-title":"Influence of vitamin D3 deficiency and 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3 on de novo insulin biosynthesis in the islets of the rat endocrine pancreas","volume":"160","author":"Bourlon","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Endocrinol"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.02-0424fje","article-title":"Impaired insulin secretory capacity in mice lacking a functional vitamin D receptor","volume":"17","author":"Zeitz","year":"2003","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2021.03.004","article-title":"Placental superoxide dismutase 3 mediates benefits of maternal exercise on offspring health","volume":"33","author":"Kusuyama","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114515001683","article-title":"Determinants of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D in Hong Kong","volume":"114","author":"Xu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Nutrition"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnut.2026.1777909\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T05:45:00Z","timestamp":1776059100000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnut.2026.1777909\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]]},"references-count":53,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fnut.2026.1777909"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnut.2026.1777909","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-861X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-861X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]]},"article-number":"1777909"}}