{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T15:17:37Z","timestamp":1788967057658,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784246400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Nutr."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The escalating global temperatures and increased frequency of heatwaves associated with climate change have intensified the risk of chronic dehydration, particularly in the Arab Gulf, Sahara, Sub-Saharan regions, and in some part of Europe and North America during Summer. This study presents the development, biomaterial synthesis process, and comprehensive physicochemical characterization of a novel nanocomposite-based vitamin-fortified water designed as a potential approach to address hydration and nutritional needs in populations at risk of dehydration, with the vitamins included selected for their established roles in immune function and antioxidant defense. The formulation centers on a biopolymer-stabilized lipid nanocomposite incorporating concentrated vitamin extracts comprising Ascorbic Acid (Vitamin C), Riboflavin (Vitamin B\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    ), 25-Hydroxycholecalciferol (Vitamin D\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    ), and \u03b1-Tocopherol Acetate (Vitamin E). The bioactive nanocomposite is stabilized using Polyethylene Glycol (PEG)-based biocompatible surfactants and Rosmarinic acid as a natural antioxidant preservative, forming a microemulsion-based nanocomposite with a mean droplet diameter of 89.3 \u00b1 4.7 nm and polydispersity index of 0.187, confirming colloidal stability and homogeneous nanoparticle size distribution. This Vitamin Extract concentrate is subsequently dispersed in biologically activated water (prepared using sucrase-catalyzed enzymatic treatment followed by UV-C irradiation, pH 6.9) to produce the final functional beverage. Comprehensive stability studies conducted over 12 weeks under varying storage conditions (4 \u00b0C, 25 \u00b0C, 40 \u00b0C; light-protected vs. exposed) demonstrated &amp;gt;90% vitamin retention under refrigeration and &amp;gt;85% retention at room temperature, with accelerated degradation observed at 40 \u00b0C and under light exposure. The resulting product is a colorless, palatable liquid with a pH of 6.0, designed as a biomaterial-based functional beverage to support hydration, bolster immune function, and deliver essential micronutrients. This work outlines both conventional solution preparation and a non-conventional, sequential adiabatic mixing process for formulating the vitamin-loaded nanocomposite, with full analytical validation including nanoparticle size analysis, zeta potential measurement, and quantitative HPLC-DAD vitamin quantification.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2026.1779711","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T15:38:22Z","timestamp":1784302702000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A novel formulation of multi-vitamin fortified beverage with natural antioxidant by nano-hybrid encapsulation for hydration and immune support"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Olatunji Nozeem","family":"Salako","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Research and Development, Center for Countermeasures Against Chemical and Biological Warfare Agents (CCACBWA)","place":["Lagos, Nigeria"]},{"name":"Flow Analysis and Simulation Team, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of West Attica","place":["Athens, Greece"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ioannis","family":"Sarris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Flow Analysis and Simulation Team, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of West Attica","place":["Athens, Greece"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vincent Chukuemeka","family":"Eze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture","place":["Umudike, Nigeria"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dilek","family":"Adali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Development, Ardem Proje Arge Danismanlik Ticaret Limited Sirketi","place":["Istanbul, T\u00fcrkiye"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Walid","family":"Daoush","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU)","place":["Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1038\/ejcn.2009.111","article-title":"Water as an essential nutrient: the physiological basis of hydration","volume":"64","author":"J\u00e9quier","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Nutr."},{"key":"B2","volume-title":"Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change","year":"2022"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1753-4887.2010.00304.x","article-title":"Water, hydration, and health","volume":"68","author":"Popkin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nutr Rev."},{"key":"B4","volume-title":"Oral Rehydration Salts: Production of the New ORS","year":"2006"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1211","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9111211","article-title":"Vitamin C and immune function","volume":"9","author":"Carr","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nutrients."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.2310\/JIM.0b013e31821b8755","article-title":"Vitamin D and the immune system","volume":"59","author":"Aranow","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Investig Med."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101081","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plipres.2020.101081","article-title":"Advances in edible nanoemulsions: digestion, bioavailability, and potential toxicity","volume":"81","author":"McClements","year":"2021","journal-title":"Prog Lipid Res."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cofs.2015.07.008","article-title":"Progress in natural emulsifiers for utilization in food emulsions","volume":"7","author":"Ozturk","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr Opin Food Sci."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-food-030216-025908","article-title":"Edible nanoemulsions as carriers of active ingredients: a review","volume":"8","author":"Salvia-Trujillo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Annu Rev Food Sci Technol."},{"key":"B10","volume-title":"Functional Beverages Market Size Report, 2026\u20132033","author":"Grand","year":"2025"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.3746\/pnf.2019.24.3.225","article-title":"Techniques for formulation of nanoemulsion drug delivery system: a review","volume":"24","author":"Kumar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Prev Nutr Food Sci."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2017.03.008","article-title":"Nanoemulsion: concepts, development and applications in drug delivery","volume":"252","author":"Singh","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Control Release."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1719","DOI":"10.1039\/C2SM06903B","article-title":"Nanoemulsions versus microemulsions: terminology, differences, and similarities","volume":"8","author":"McClements","year":"2012","journal-title":"Soft Matter."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/3527604812","volume-title":"Applied Surfactants: Principles and Applications","author":"Tadros","year":"2005"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"854","DOI":"10.1039\/C5SM02958A","article-title":"Nanoemulsions: formation, properties and applications","volume":"11","author":"Gupta","year":"2016","journal-title":"Soft Matter."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1080\/10408690590956710","article-title":"Microemulsions: a potential delivery system for bioactives in food","volume":"46","author":"Flanagan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1944","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics15071944","article-title":"Lipid-based delivery systems for flavonoids and flavonolignans: liposomes, nanoemulsions, and solid lipid nanoparticles","volume":"15","author":"Ranjbar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pharmaceutics"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejps.2006.04.016","article-title":"Formulation of poorly water-soluble drugs for oral administration: physicochemical and physiological issues and the lipid formulation classification system","volume":"29","author":"Pouton","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur J Pharm Sci."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9603271241254338","DOI":"10.1177\/09603271241254338","article-title":"Retrospective analysis of carcinogenicity assessments within FDA-notified GRAS determinations","volume":"43","author":"Rahmani","year":"2024","journal-title":"Hum Exp Toxicol"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1363","DOI":"10.1080\/01932690902735561","article-title":"Surfactants used in food industry: a review","volume":"30","author":"Kralova","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Dispers Sci Technol"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1111\/nbu.12408","article-title":"Food additives: assessing the impact of exposure to permitted emulsifiers on bowel and metabolic health - introducing the FADiets study","volume":"44","author":"Partridge","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nutr Bull."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1201\/9781420026979","volume-title":"Vitamins in Foods: Analysis, Bioavailability, and Stability (1st ed)","author":"Ball","year":"2005"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1080\/10408390802067290","article-title":"Stability of vitamins during extrusion","volume":"49","author":"Riaz","year":"2009","journal-title":"Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr."},{"key":"B24","volume-title":"The Vitamins: Fundamental Aspects in Nutrition and Health 5th Edition","author":"Combs","year":"2017"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2010.01.037","article-title":"New trends in encapsulation of liposoluble vitamins","volume":"146","author":"Gonnet","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Control Release."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0171662","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0171662","article-title":"Edible solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) as carrier system for antioxidants of different lipophilicity","volume":"12","author":"Oehlke","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40724","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.2c06003","article-title":"Microbial polysaccharide-based nanoformulations for nutraceutical delivery","volume":"7","author":"Srivastava","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACS Omega."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1541-4337.2006.00009.x","article-title":"Mechanisms and factors for edible oil oxidation","volume":"5","author":"Choe","year":"2006","journal-title":"Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5944","DOI":"10.1021\/cr200084z","article-title":"Free radical lipid peroxidation: mechanisms and analysis","volume":"111","author":"Yin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chem Rev."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1159\/000418567","article-title":"Vitamin C as an antioxidant","volume":"64","author":"Niki","year":"1991","journal-title":"World Rev Nutr Diet."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2017.07.022","article-title":"Making sense of the \u201cclean label\u201d trends: a review of consumer food choice behavior and discussion of industry implications","volume":"99","author":"Asioli","year":"2017","journal-title":"Food Res Int."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2025100985","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202510.0985.v1","article-title":"Extraction, characterization, and efficacy of rosmarinic and carnosic acids as natural preservatives in enhancing the shelf life of food models and nephroprotective potential","volume":"2025","author":"Salako","year":"2025","journal-title":"Preprints."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3292","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27103292","article-title":"A comprehensive review of rosmarinic acid: from phytochemistry to pharmacology and its new insight","volume":"27","author":"Guan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Molecules."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3139","DOI":"10.3390\/app9153139","article-title":"Therapeutic Potential of Rosmarinic Acid: A Comprehensive Review","volume":"9","author":"Nadeem","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl Sci."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-food-032814-014043","article-title":"The nutraceutical bioavailability classification scheme: classifying nutraceuticals according to factors limiting their oral bioavailability","volume":"6","author":"McClements DJ Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Annu Rev Food Sci Technol."},{"key":"B36","first-page":"200","article-title":"In vitro screening of relative bioaccessibility of carotenoids from foods","volume":"17","author":"Failla","year":"2008","journal-title":"Asia Pac J Clin Nutr."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2125.2012.04425.x","article-title":"Bioavailability of bioactive food compounds: a challenging journey to bioefficacy","volume":"75","author":"Rein","year":"2013","journal-title":"Br J Clin Pharmacol."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd2197","article-title":"Lipids and lipid-based formulations: optimizing the oral delivery of lipophilic drugs","volume":"6","author":"Porter","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat Rev Drug Discov."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2008.03.021","article-title":"Rationalizing the selection of oral lipid-based drug delivery systems by an in vitro dynamic lipolysis model for improved oral bioavailability of poorly water soluble drugs","volume":"129","author":"Dahan","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Control Release."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0171662","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0171662","article-title":"Edible solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) as carrier system for antioxidants of different lipophilicity","volume":"12","author":"Oehlke","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1472","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2013.03.050","article-title":"Influence of particle size on lipid digestion and \u03b2-carotene bioaccessibility in emulsions and nanoemulsions","volume":"141","author":"Salvia-Trujillo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"B42","first-page":"131","article-title":"Fundamentals of protein and peptide stability","volume-title":"Formulation and Process Development Strategies for Manufacturing Biopharmaceuticals","author":"Jameel","year":"2020"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cis.2018.02.002","article-title":"Encapsulation, protection, and delivery of bioactive proteins and peptides using nanoparticle and microparticle systems: a review","volume":"253","author":"McClements","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultsonch.2017.05.021","article-title":"Fish oil based vitamin D nanoencapsulation by ultrasonication and bioaccessibility analysis in simulated gastro-intestinal tract","volume":"39","author":"Walia","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ultrason Sonochem."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2015.09.013","article-title":"Cross-linked chitosan\/liposome hybrid system for the intestinal delivery of quercetin","volume":"461","author":"Caddeo","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/S0928-0987(02)00055-6","article-title":"Effects of nonionic surfactants on membrane transporters in Caco-2 cell monolayers","volume":"16","author":"Rege","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eur J Pharm Sci."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2004.03.001","article-title":"Impact of excipients on the absorption of P-glycoprotein substrates in vitro and in vivo","volume":"278","author":"Cornaire","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int J Pharm."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2017.03.008","article-title":"Nanoemulsion: concepts, development and applications in drug delivery","volume":"252","author":"Singh","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Control Release."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3129","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2018.1484687","article-title":"A systematic review on nanoencapsulation of food bioactive ingredients and nutraceuticals by various nanocarriers","volume":"59","author":"Assadpour","year":"2019","journal-title":"Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1007\/s10068-024-01713-x","article-title":"Formulation and characterization of nanoemulsion containing anthocyanin extract from purple yam (Dioscorea alata L","volume":"34","author":"Tamaroh","year":"2024","journal-title":"Food Sci Biotechnol."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2014.06.082","article-title":"Nutraceutical delivery systems: resveratrol encapsulation in grape seed oil nanoemulsions formed by spontaneous emulsification","volume":"167","author":"Davidov-Pardo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2018.08.004","article-title":"Advances in nanoparticle and microparticle delivery systems for increasing the dispersibility, stability, and bioactivity of phytochemicals","volume":"38","author":"McClements","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biotechnol Adv."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2012.08.069","article-title":"Fabrication of vitamin E-enriched nanoemulsions: factors affecting particle size using spontaneous emulsification","volume":"391","author":"Saberi","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2015.05.005","article-title":"Formation and stabilization of nanoemulsion-based vitamin E delivery systems using natural biopolymers: whey protein isolate and gum arabic","volume":"188","author":"Ozturk","year":"2015","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4067","DOI":"10.1039\/b922183m","article-title":"Lipid oxidation and improving the oxidative stability","volume":"39","author":"Shahidi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Chem Soc Rev."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100533","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colcom.2021.100533","article-title":"Nanoemulsions: formulation, characterization, biological fate, and potential role against COVID-19 and other viral outbreaks","volume":"45","author":"Tayeb","year":"2021","journal-title":"Colloid Interface Sci Commun."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-809740-3.00004-0","article-title":"Chapter 4 - nanoencapsulation of vitamins","volume-title":"Nanoencapsulation of Food Bioactive Ingredients","author":"Katouzian","year":"2017"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-007-0179-z","article-title":"Erosion\u2014diagnosis and risk factors","volume":"12","author":"Lussi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Oral Invest."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119503","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2026.119503","article-title":"Rosmarinic acid activates the Nrf2\/HO-1 axis and suppresses NF-\u03baB to protect against gentamicin-induced acute kidney injury","volume":"199","author":"Salako","year":"2026","journal-title":"Biomed Pharmacother"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1897","DOI":"10.3390\/life15121897","article-title":"Rising global temperatures and kidney health: a comprehensive review of current evidence","volume":"15","author":"Valcheva","year":"2025","journal-title":"Life."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4613","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25204613","article-title":"Nanoformulations to enhance the bioavailability and physiological functions of polyphenols","volume":"25","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126652","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2026.126652","article-title":"Rosmarinic acid-based nasal spray formulation: comparative study of nanoemulsions vs. solid lipid nanoparticles","volume":"692","author":"Fabiano","year":"2026","journal-title":"Int J Pharm"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Nutrition"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnut.2026.1779711\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T14:34:43Z","timestamp":1788964483000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fnut.2026.1779711\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]]},"references-count":62,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fnut.2026.1779711"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnut.2026.1779711","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-861X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-861X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]]},"article-number":"1779711"}}