{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T06:55:02Z","timestamp":1775804102642,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775779200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Nutr."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Chronic systemic inflammation is strongly associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and related cardiometabolic conditions. Adipokines such as plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) and vaspin are linked to obesity, insulin resistance, and inflammation. This study examines the associations of PAI-1 and vaspin levels with cardiometabolic risk markers and the inflammatory potential of diet in overweight or obese women with and without T2DM.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Women aged 20\u201350 were grouped based on diabetes diagnosis. Anthropometric measurements, biochemical data (fasting glucose, insulin, HbA1c, and lipid profile), and adiposity indices (Visceral Adiposity Index, Body Adiposity Index, Lipid Accumulation Product Index, and Conicity Index) were assessed. Nutritional status was analyzed via 3-day dietary records. Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII) and Energy-Adjusted DII (E-DII) scores were computed. PAI-1 and vaspin levels were measured by ELISA.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      PAI-1 levels were significantly higher in the T2DM group (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &amp;lt; 0.05), whereas vaspin levels did not differ significantly between groups (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &amp;gt; 0.05). After adjustment for age, BMI, and waist circumference (Models 3 and 4), DII and E-DII scores were not significantly associated with T2DM status (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &amp;gt; 0.05). In the T2DM group, higher E-DII scores were associated with lower intake of fiber, polyunsaturated fat, vitamin E, thiamine, folate, vitamin C, zinc, and magnesium (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &amp;lt; 0.05).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Elevated PAI-1 levels were found in women with T2DM, while dietary inflammatory potential was not independently associated with T2DM status after adjustment for adiposity-related factors. Higher E-DII scores were also associated with lower intake of anti-inflammatory nutrients. These findings highlight the importance of accounting for confounding variables in diet-related inflammation research.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2026.1784603","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T05:59:52Z","timestamp":1775800792000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, vaspin, and dietary inflammatory index in relation to cardiometabolic health in diabetic women"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Sule","family":"Kocabas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Sciences, Ankara Medipol University","place":["Alt\u0131nda\u01e7, Ankara, T\u00fcrkiye"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nevin","family":"Sanlier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Sciences, Ankara Medipol University","place":["Alt\u0131nda\u01e7, Ankara, T\u00fcrkiye"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1706523","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1706523","article-title":"Burden of type 2 diabetes in working-age adults (20-54 years): a GBD 2021 analysis projecting trends to 2035 and exploring the potential benefits of physical activity","volume":"13","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102369","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacadv.2025.102369","article-title":"Cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic syndrome-attributable mortality in the united states, from 2010 to 2023","volume":"4","author":"Zuin","year":"2025","journal-title":"JACC Adv."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1663","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.123.322000","article-title":"Molecular biomarkers for cardiometabolic disease: risk assessment in young individuals","volume":"132","author":"Tahir","year":"2023","journal-title":"Circ Res."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-025-01215-8","article-title":"Midlife and the menopause transition in type 2 diabetes mellitus prevention","volume":"22","author":"Whelan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat Rev Endocrinol."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1093\/ajh\/hpab138","article-title":"Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 and adiponectin are associated with metabolic syndrome components","volume":"35","author":"Vecchiola","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Hypertens"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1007\/s40200-022-01119-8","article-title":"Association of vaspin rs2236242 with type 2 diabetes mellitus and obesity: a meta-analysis of case-control studies","volume":"22","author":"Zain","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Diabetes Metab Disord."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1186\/s13098-025-01818-1","article-title":"Dietary inflammatory index and mortality in middle-aged and elderly patients with metabolic syndrome","volume":"17","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Diabetol Metab Syndr"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1498","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-025-22544-3","article-title":"Relationship between dietary inflammatory index and chronic diseases in older U.S. Adults: NHANES 1999-2018","volume":"25","author":"Patel","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/ckx058","article-title":"Dietary inflammatory index and acute myocardial infarction in a large Italian case-control study","volume":"28","author":"Shivappa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur J Public Health"},{"key":"B10","volume-title":"Obesity: Preventing and Managing the Global Epidemic: Report of a WHO Consultation","year":"2000"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"920","DOI":"10.2337\/dc09-1825","article-title":"Visceral adiposity index: a reliable indicator of visceral fat function associated with cardiometabolic risk","volume":"33","author":"Amato","year":"2010","journal-title":"Diab. 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