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Nutr."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n                      (\n                      <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) is a common foodborne pathogen that can cause various infections such as diarrhea and meningitis.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In this study, 38\n                      <jats:italic>Bifidobacterium<\/jats:italic>\n                      strains isolated from healthy breastfed infants were evaluated\n                      <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      . D2, which demonstrated the strongest antagonism against\n                      <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                      and the most favorable probiotic properties, was selected for further investigation\n                      <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                      . The acid removal experiment of the cell-free supernatant (CFS) of D2 was conducted. Animal experiments were also performed, comparing D2 with A14 (a strain showing no antibacterial effect\n                      <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      ).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Acetic acid was identified as the main antibacterial substance in the CFS of D2 (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &amp;lt; 0.05). The CFS of D2 inhibited\n                      <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                      through multiple mechanisms, including inhibiting biofilm formation, damaging the integrity of the\n                      <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                      cell wall\/membrane, and causing content leakage, ultimately leading to bacterial death. Furthermore, D2 significantly reduced the adhesion and invasion of E. coli on HT29 cells (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &amp;lt; 0.05). Compared with A14, D2 significantly reversed colonic damage caused by\n                      <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                      , restored cytokine expression, and promoted the expression of tight junction proteins. Additionally, D2 effectively ameliorated\n                      <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                      -induced gut microbiota dysbiosis and restored microbial diversity. It significantly reduced the abundance of Escherichia and promoted the abundance of beneficial bacterial genera such as Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group in the intestines.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      These results indicate that D2 inhibits\n                      <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                      through multiple target points and represents a potential candidate strain for alleviating intestinal disorders caused by\n                      <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                      , or an alternative to antibiotics.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  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